Merge pull request #1815 from jedevc/v0.10-vendor-buildkit

Signed-off-by: Justin Chadwell <me@jedevc.com>

.dockerignore

@@ -1,3 +1 @@
 bin/
-cross-out/
-release-out/

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
+    labels:
+      - "dependencies"
+      - "bot"

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -1,181 +1,141 @@
 name: build
 
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
   push:
     branches:
       - 'master'
+      - 'v[0-9]*'
     tags:
       - 'v*'
   pull_request:
     branches:
       - 'master'
+      - 'v[0-9]*'
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'README.md'
+      - 'docs/**'
 
 env:
+  BUILDX_VERSION: "latest"
+  BUILDKIT_IMAGE: "moby/buildkit:latest"
   REPO_SLUG: "docker/buildx-bin"
-  REPO_SLUG_ORIGIN: "moby/buildkit:master"
-  CACHEKEY_BINARIES: "binaries"
-  PLATFORMS: "linux/amd64,linux/arm/v6,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64,linux/s390x,linux/ppc64le,linux/riscv64"
+  DESTDIR: "./bin"
 
 jobs:
-  base:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      -
-        name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      -
-        name: Cache ${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}-
-      -
-        name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
-      -
-        name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1
-        with:
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.REPO_SLUG_ORIGIN }}
-      -
-        name: Build ${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-        run: |
-          ./hack/build_ci_first_pass binaries
-        env:
-          CACHEDIR_FROM: /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-          CACHEDIR_TO: /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}-new
-      -
-        # FIXME: Temp fix for https://github.com/moby/buildkit/issues/1850
-        name: Move cache
-        run: |
-          rm -rf /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-          mv /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}-new /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-
   test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: [base]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      -
-        name: Cache ${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}-
-      -
-        name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
         with:
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.REPO_SLUG_ORIGIN }}
+          version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
       -
         name: Test
-        run: |
-          make test
-        env:
-          TEST_COVERAGE: 1
-          TESTFLAGS: -v --parallel=6 --timeout=20m
-          CACHEDIR_FROM: /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-      -
-        name: Send to Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v2
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
         with:
-          file: ./coverage/coverage.txt
+          targets: test
+          set: |
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=test
+            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=test
+      -
+        name: Upload coverage
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+        with:
+          directory: ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/coverage
 
-  cross:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: [base]
+  prepare:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    outputs:
+      matrix: ${{ steps.platforms.outputs.matrix }}
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
       -
-        name: Cache ${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}-
-      -
-        name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
-      -
-        name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1
-        with:
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.REPO_SLUG_ORIGIN }}
-      -
-        name: Cross
+        name: Create matrix
+        id: platforms
         run: |
-          make cross
-        env:
-          TARGETPLATFORM: ${{ env.PLATFORMS }},darwin/amd64,darwin/arm64,windows/amd64,windows/arm64
-          CACHEDIR_FROM: /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
+          echo "matrix=$(docker buildx bake binaries-cross --print | jq -cr '.target."binaries-cross".platforms')" >>${GITHUB_OUTPUT}
+      -
+        name: Show matrix
+        run: |
+          echo ${{ steps.platforms.outputs.matrix }}
 
   binaries:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: [test, cross]
-    env:
-      RELEASE_OUT: ./release-out
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    needs:
+      - prepare
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        platform: ${{ fromJson(needs.prepare.outputs.matrix) }}
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Prepare
+        run: |
+          platform=${{ matrix.platform }}
+          echo "PLATFORM_PAIR=${platform//\//-}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
+      -
+        name: Build
+        run: |
+          make release
+        env:
+          PLATFORMS: ${{ matrix.platform }}
+          CACHE_FROM: type=gha,scope=binaries-${{ env.PLATFORM_PAIR }}
+          CACHE_TO: type=gha,scope=binaries-${{ env.PLATFORM_PAIR }},mode=max
+      -
+        name: Upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: buildx
+          path: ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/*
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  bin-image:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      -
-        name: Prepare
-        id: prep
-        run: |
-          TAG=pr
-          if [[ $GITHUB_REF == refs/tags/v* ]]; then
-            TAG=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}
-          elif [[ $GITHUB_REF == refs/heads/* ]]; then
-            TAG=$(echo ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/} | sed -r 's#/+#-#g')
-          fi
-          echo ::set-output name=tag::${TAG}
-      -
-        name: Cache ${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}-
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
       -
         name: Set up QEMU
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
         with:
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.REPO_SLUG_ORIGIN }}
-      -
-        name: Build ${{ steps.prep.outputs.tag }}
-        run: |
-          ./hack/release ${{ env.RELEASE_OUT }}
-        env:
-          PLATFORMS: ${{ env.PLATFORMS }},darwin/amd64,darwin/arm64,windows/amd64,windows/arm64
-          CACHEDIR_FROM: /tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-      -
-        name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: buildx
-          path: ${{ env.RELEASE_OUT }}/*
-          if-no-files-found: error
+          version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=${{ env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE }}
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
       -
         name: Docker meta
         id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v3
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
         with:
           images: |
             ${{ env.REPO_SLUG }}
@@ -183,31 +143,84 @@ jobs:
             type=ref,event=branch
             type=ref,event=pr
             type=semver,pattern={{version}}
+          bake-target: meta-helper
       -
         name: Login to DockerHub
         if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
-        uses: docker/login-action@v1
+        uses: docker/login-action@v2
         with:
           username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
       -
         name: Build and push image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v2
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
         with:
-          context: .
-          target: binaries
+          files: |
+            ./docker-bake.hcl
+            ${{ steps.meta.outputs.bake-file }}
+          targets: image-cross
           push: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
-          cache-from: type=local,src=/tmp/.buildx-cache/${{ env.CACHEKEY_BINARIES }}
-          platforms: ${{ env.PLATFORMS }},darwin/amd64,darwin/arm64,windows/amd64,windows/arm64
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
+          set: |
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=bin-image
+            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=bin-image,mode=max
+            *.attest=type=sbom
+            *.attest=type=provenance,mode=max,builder-id=https://github.com/${{ env.GITHUB_REPOSITORY }}/actions/runs/${{ env.GITHUB_RUN_ID }}
+
+  release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    needs:
+      - binaries
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Download binaries
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: buildx
+          path: ${{ env.DESTDIR }}
+      -
+        name: Create checksums
+        run: ./hack/hash-files
+      -
+        name: List artifacts
+        run: |
+          tree -nh ${{ env.DESTDIR }}
+      -
+        name: Check artifacts
+        run: |
+          find ${{ env.DESTDIR }} -type f -exec file -e ascii -- {} +
       -
         name: GitHub Release
         if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
-        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@de2c0eb89ae2a093876385947365aca7b0e5f844 # v0.1.15
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         with:
           draft: true
-          files: ${{ env.RELEASE_OUT }}/*
-          name: ${{ steps.prep.outputs.tag }}
+          files: ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/*
+
+  buildkit-edge:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    continue-on-error: true
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: ${{ env.BUILDX_VERSION }}
+          driver-opts: image=moby/buildkit:master
+          buildkitd-flags: --debug
+      -
+        # Just run a bake target to check eveything runs fine
+        name: Build
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          targets: binaries

.github/workflows/docs-release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+name: docs-release
+
+on:
+  release:
+    types:
+      - released
+
+jobs:
+  open-pr:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    if: "!github.event.release.prerelease"
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout docs repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.GHPAT_DOCS_DISPATCH }}
+          repository: docker/docs
+          ref: main
+      -
+        name: Prepare
+        run: |
+          rm -rf ./_data/buildx/*
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Build docs
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          source: ${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}.git#${{ github.event.release.name }}
+          targets: update-docs
+          set: |
+            *.output=/tmp/buildx-docs
+        env:
+          DOCS_FORMATS: yaml
+      -
+        name: Copy files
+        run: |
+          cp /tmp/buildx-docs/out/reference/*.yaml ./_data/buildx/
+      -
+        name: Commit changes
+        run: |
+          git add -A .
+      -
+        name: Create PR on docs repo
+        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@2b011faafdcbc9ceb11414d64d0573f37c774b04
+        with:
+          token: ${{ secrets.GHPAT_DOCS_DISPATCH }}
+          push-to-fork: docker-tools-robot/docker.github.io
+          commit-message: "build: update buildx reference to ${{ github.event.release.name }}"
+          signoff: true
+          branch: dispatch/buildx-ref-${{ github.event.release.name }}
+          delete-branch: true
+          title: Update buildx reference to ${{ github.event.release.name }}
+          body: |
+            Update the buildx reference documentation to keep in sync with the latest release `${{ github.event.release.name }}`
+          draft: false

.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# this workflow runs the remote validate bake target from docker/docker.github.io
+# to check if yaml reference docs and markdown files used in this repo are still valid
+# https://github.com/docker/docker.github.io/blob/98c7c9535063ae4cd2cd0a31478a21d16d2f07a3/docker-bake.hcl#L34-L36
+name: docs-upstream
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'master'
+      - 'v[0-9]*'
+    paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml'
+      - 'docs/**'
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/docs-upstream.yml'
+      - 'docs/**'
+
+jobs:
+  docs-yaml:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: latest
+      -
+        name: Build reference YAML docs
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          targets: update-docs
+          set: |
+            *.output=/tmp/buildx-docs
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=docs-yaml
+            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=docs-yaml,mode=max
+        env:
+          DOCS_FORMATS: yaml
+      -
+        name: Upload reference YAML docs
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: docs-yaml
+          path: /tmp/buildx-docs/out/reference
+          retention-days: 1
+
+  validate:
+    uses: docker/docs/.github/workflows/validate-upstream.yml@main
+    needs:
+      - docs-yaml
+    with:
+      repo: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}
+      data-files-id: docs-yaml
+      data-files-folder: buildx

.github/workflows/e2e.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+name: e2e
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'master'
+      - 'v[0-9]*'
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - 'master'
+      - 'v[0-9]*'
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'README.md'
+      - 'docs/**'
+
+env:
+  DESTDIR: "./bin"
+  K3S_VERSION: "v1.21.2-k3s1"
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+        with:
+          version: latest
+      -
+        name: Build
+        uses: docker/bake-action@v2
+        with:
+          targets: binaries
+          set: |
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=release
+            *.cache-from=type=gha,scope=binaries
+            *.cache-to=type=gha,scope=binaries
+      -
+        name: Rename binary
+        run: |
+          mv ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/build/buildx ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/build/docker-buildx
+      -
+        name: Upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: binary
+          path: ${{ env.DESTDIR }}/build
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          retention-days: 7
+
+  driver:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    needs:
+      - build
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        driver:
+          - docker
+          - docker-container
+          - kubernetes
+          - remote
+        buildkit:
+          - moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1
+          - moby/buildkit:master
+        buildkit-cfg:
+          - bkcfg-false
+          - bkcfg-true
+        multi-node:
+          - mnode-false
+          - mnode-true
+        platforms:
+          - linux/amd64
+          - linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+        include:
+          - driver: kubernetes
+            driver-opt: qemu.install=true
+          - driver: remote
+            endpoint: tcp://localhost:1234
+        exclude:
+          - driver: docker
+            multi-node: mnode-true
+          - driver: docker
+            buildkit-cfg: bkcfg-true
+          - driver: docker-container
+            multi-node: mnode-true
+          - driver: remote
+            multi-node: mnode-true
+          - driver: remote
+            buildkit-cfg: bkcfg-true
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      -
+        name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+        if: matrix.driver == 'docker' || matrix.driver == 'docker-container'
+      -
+        name: Install buildx
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: binary
+          path: /home/runner/.docker/cli-plugins
+      -
+        name: Fix perms and check
+        run: |
+          chmod +x /home/runner/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
+          docker buildx version
+      -
+        name: Init env vars
+        run: |
+          # BuildKit cfg
+          if [ "${{ matrix.buildkit-cfg }}" = "bkcfg-true" ]; then
+            cat > "/tmp/buildkitd.toml" <<EOL
+          [worker.oci]
+            max-parallelism = 2
+          EOL
+            echo "BUILDKIT_CFG=/tmp/buildkitd.toml" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+          # Multi node
+          if [ "${{ matrix.multi-node }}" = "mnode-true" ]; then
+            echo "MULTI_NODE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          else
+            echo "MULTI_NODE=0" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+      -
+        name: Install k3s
+        if: matrix.driver == 'kubernetes'
+        uses: actions/github-script@v6
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const fs = require('fs');
+            
+            let wait = function(milliseconds) {
+              return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+                if (typeof(milliseconds) !== 'number') { 
+                  throw new Error('milleseconds not a number'); 
+                }
+                setTimeout(() => resolve("done!"), milliseconds)
+              });
+            }
+            
+            try {
+              const kubeconfig="/tmp/buildkit-k3s/kubeconfig.yaml";
+              core.info(`storing kubeconfig in ${kubeconfig}`);
+          
+              await exec.exec('docker', ["run", "-d",
+                "--privileged",
+                "--name=buildkit-k3s",
+                "-e", "K3S_KUBECONFIG_OUTPUT="+kubeconfig,
+                "-e", "K3S_KUBECONFIG_MODE=666",
+                "-v", "/tmp/buildkit-k3s:/tmp/buildkit-k3s",
+                "-p", "6443:6443",
+                "-p", "80:80",
+                "-p", "443:443",
+                "-p", "8080:8080",
+                "rancher/k3s:${{ env.K3S_VERSION }}", "server"
+              ]);
+              await wait(10000);
+              
+              core.exportVariable('KUBECONFIG', kubeconfig);
+              
+              let nodeName;
+              for (let count = 1; count <= 5; count++) {
+                try {
+                  const nodeNameOutput = await exec.getExecOutput("kubectl get nodes --no-headers -oname");
+                  nodeName = nodeNameOutput.stdout
+                } catch (error) {
+                  core.info(`Unable to resolve node name (${error.message}). Attempt ${count} of 5.`)
+                } finally {
+                  if (nodeName) {
+                    break;
+                  }
+                  await wait(5000);
+                }
+              }
+              if (!nodeName) {
+                throw new Error(`Unable to resolve node name after 5 attempts.`);
+              }
+              
+              await exec.exec(`kubectl wait --for=condition=Ready ${nodeName}`);
+            } catch (error) {
+              core.setFailed(error.message);
+            }
+      -
+        name: Print KUBECONFIG
+        if: matrix.driver == 'kubernetes'
+        run: |
+          yq ${{ env.KUBECONFIG }}
+      -
+        name: Launch remote buildkitd
+        if: matrix.driver == 'remote'
+        run: |
+          docker run -d \
+            --privileged \
+            --name=remote-buildkit \
+            -p 1234:1234 \
+            ${{ matrix.buildkit }} \
+            --addr unix:///run/buildkit/buildkitd.sock \
+            --addr tcp://0.0.0.0:1234
+      -
+        name: Test
+        run: |
+          make test-driver
+        env:
+          BUILDKIT_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.buildkit }}
+          DRIVER: ${{ matrix.driver }}
+          DRIVER_OPT: ${{ matrix.driver-opt }}
+          ENDPOINT: ${{ matrix.endpoint }}
+          PLATFORMS: ${{ matrix.platforms }}

.github/workflows/godev.yml

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# Workflow used to make a request to proxy.golang.org to refresh cache on https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/docker/buildx
-# when a released of buildx is produced
-name: godev
-
-on:
-  push:
-    tags:
-      - 'v*'
-
-jobs:
-  update:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      -
-        name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v2
-        with:
-          go-version: 1.13
-      -
-        name: Call pkg.go.dev
-        run: |
-          go get github.com/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}@${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}
-        env:
-          GO111MODULE: on
-          GOPROXY: https://proxy.golang.org

.github/workflows/validate.yml

@@ -1,22 +1,25 @@
 name: validate
 
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
   push:
     branches:
       - 'master'
+      - 'v[0-9]*'
     tags:
       - 'v*'
   pull_request:
     branches:
       - 'master'
-
-env:
-  REPO_SLUG_ORIGIN: "moby/buildkit:master"
+      - 'v[0-9]*'
 
 jobs:
   validate:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
@@ -27,12 +30,12 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       -
         name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
       -
         name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
         with:
-          driver-opts: image=${{ env.REPO_SLUG_ORIGIN }}
+          version: latest
       -
         name: Run
         run: |

.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1 @@
-bin
-coverage
-cross-out
-release-out
+/bin

.golangci.yml

@@ -12,19 +12,29 @@ linters:
     - gofmt
     - govet
     - deadcode
+    - depguard
     - goimports
     - ineffassign
     - misspell
     - unused
     - varcheck
-    - golint
+    - revive
     - staticcheck
     - typecheck
-    - structcheck
+    - nolintlint
   disable-all: true
 
+linters-settings:
+  depguard:
+    list-type: blacklist
+    include-go-root: true
+    packages:
+      # The io/ioutil package has been deprecated.
+      # https://go.dev/doc/go1.16#ioutil
+      - io/ioutil
+
 issues:
   exclude-rules:
     - linters:
-        - golint
+        - revive
       text: "stutters"

.mailmap

@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 # This file lists all individuals having contributed content to the repository.
-# For how it is generated, see `hack/generate-authors`.
+# For how it is generated, see hack/dockerfiles/authors.Dockerfile.
 
+CrazyMax <github@crazymax.dev>
+CrazyMax <github@crazymax.dev> <1951866+crazy-max@users.noreply.github.com>
+CrazyMax <github@crazymax.dev> <crazy-max@users.noreply.github.com>
+Sebastiaan van Stijn <github@gone.nl>
+Sebastiaan van Stijn <github@gone.nl> <thaJeztah@users.noreply.github.com>
 Tibor Vass <tibor@docker.com>
 Tibor Vass <tibor@docker.com> <tiborvass@users.noreply.github.com>
 Tõnis Tiigi <tonistiigi@gmail.com>
+Ulysses Souza <ulyssessouza@gmail.com>
+Wang Jinglei <morlay.null@gmail.com>

.yamllint.yml

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-ignore: |
-  /vendor
-
-extends: default
-
-yaml-files:
-  - '*.yaml'
-  - '*.yml'
-
-rules:
-  truthy: disable
-  line-length: disable
-  document-start: disable

AUTHORS

@@ -1,7 +1,45 @@
 # This file lists all individuals having contributed content to the repository.
-# For how it is generated, see `scripts/generate-authors.sh`.
+# For how it is generated, see hack/dockerfiles/authors.Dockerfile.
 
+Akihiro Suda <akihiro.suda.cz@hco.ntt.co.jp>
+Alex Couture-Beil <alex@earthly.dev>
+Andrew Haines <andrew.haines@zencargo.com>
+Andy MacKinlay <admackin@users.noreply.github.com>
+Anthony Poschen <zanven42@gmail.com>
+Artur Klauser <Artur.Klauser@computer.org>
+Batuhan Apaydın <developerguy2@gmail.com>
 Bin Du <bindu@microsoft.com>
+Brandon Philips <brandon@ifup.org>
 Brian Goff <cpuguy83@gmail.com>
+CrazyMax <github@crazymax.dev>
+dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
+Devin Bayer <dev@doubly.so>
+Djordje Lukic <djordje.lukic@docker.com>
+Dmytro Makovey <dmytro.makovey@docker.com>
+Donghui Wang <977675308@qq.com>
+faust <faustin@fala.red>
+Felipe Santos <felipecassiors@gmail.com>
+Fernando Miguel <github@FernandoMiguel.net>
+gfrancesco <gfrancesco@users.noreply.github.com>
+gracenoah <gracenoahgh@gmail.com>
+Hollow Man <hollowman@hollowman.ml>
+Ilya Dmitrichenko <errordeveloper@gmail.com>
+Jack Laxson <jackjrabbit@gmail.com>
+Jean-Yves Gastaud <jygastaud@gmail.com>
+khs1994 <khs1994@khs1994.com>
+Kotaro Adachi <k33asby@gmail.com>
+l00397676 <lujingxiao@huawei.com>
+Michal Augustyn <michal.augustyn@mail.com>
+Patrick Van Stee <patrick@vanstee.me>
+Saul Shanabrook <s.shanabrook@gmail.com>
+Sebastiaan van Stijn <github@gone.nl>
+SHIMA Tatsuya <ts1s1andn@gmail.com>
+Silvin Lubecki <silvin.lubecki@docker.com>
+Solomon Hykes <sh.github.6811@hykes.org>
+Sune Keller <absukl@almbrand.dk>
 Tibor Vass <tibor@docker.com>
 Tõnis Tiigi <tonistiigi@gmail.com>
+Ulysses Souza <ulyssessouza@gmail.com>
+Wang Jinglei <morlay.null@gmail.com>
+Xiang Dai <764524258@qq.com>
+zelahi <elahi.zuhayr@gmail.com>

Dockerfile

@@ -1,90 +1,92 @@
-# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.2
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile-upstream:1.5.0
 
-ARG DOCKERD_VERSION=19.03
-ARG CLI_VERSION=19.03
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.19
+ARG XX_VERSION=1.1.2
+ARG DOCKERD_VERSION=20.10.14
 
 FROM docker:$DOCKERD_VERSION AS dockerd-release
 
 # xx is a helper for cross-compilation
-FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM tonistiigi/xx@sha256:21a61be4744f6531cb5f33b0e6f40ede41fa3a1b8c82d5946178f80cc84bfc04 AS xx
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM tonistiigi/xx:${XX_VERSION} AS xx
 
-FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:1.16-alpine AS golatest
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine AS golatest
 
-FROM golatest AS go-linux
-FROM golatest AS go-darwin
-FROM golatest AS go-windows-amd64
-FROM golatest AS go-windows-386
-FROM golatest AS go-windows-arm
-FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:1.17beta1-alpine AS go-windows-arm64
-FROM go-windows-${TARGETARCH} AS go-windows
-
-FROM go-${TARGETOS} AS gobase
+FROM golatest AS gobase
 COPY --from=xx / /
 RUN apk add --no-cache file git
 ENV GOFLAGS=-mod=vendor
+ENV CGO_ENABLED=0
 WORKDIR /src
 
 FROM gobase AS buildx-version
-RUN --mount=target=. \
-  PKG=github.com/docker/buildx VERSION=$(git describe --match 'v[0-9]*' --dirty='.m' --always --tags) REVISION=$(git rev-parse HEAD)$(if ! git diff --no-ext-diff --quiet --exit-code; then echo .m; fi); \
-  echo "-X ${PKG}/version.Version=${VERSION} -X ${PKG}/version.Revision=${REVISION} -X ${PKG}/version.Package=${PKG}" | tee /tmp/.ldflags; \
-  echo -n "${VERSION}" | tee /tmp/.version;
+RUN --mount=type=bind,target=. <<EOT
+  set -e
+  mkdir /buildx-version
+  echo -n "$(./hack/git-meta version)" | tee /buildx-version/version
+  echo -n "$(./hack/git-meta revision)" | tee /buildx-version/revision
+EOT
 
 FROM gobase AS buildx-build
-ENV CGO_ENABLED=0
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
-RUN --mount=target=. --mount=target=/root/.cache,type=cache \
-  --mount=target=/go/pkg/mod,type=cache \
-  --mount=source=/tmp/.ldflags,target=/tmp/.ldflags,from=buildx-version \
-  set -x; xx-go build -ldflags "$(cat /tmp/.ldflags)" -o /usr/bin/buildx ./cmd/buildx && \
-  xx-verify --static /usr/bin/buildx
+RUN --mount=type=bind,target=. \
+  --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache \
+  --mount=type=cache,target=/go/pkg/mod \
+  --mount=type=bind,from=buildx-version,source=/buildx-version,target=/buildx-version <<EOT
+  set -e
+  xx-go --wrap
+  DESTDIR=/usr/bin VERSION=$(cat /buildx-version/version) REVISION=$(cat /buildx-version/revision) GO_EXTRA_LDFLAGS="-s -w" ./hack/build
+  xx-verify --static /usr/bin/docker-buildx
+EOT
 
-FROM buildx-build AS integration-tests
-COPY . .
+FROM gobase AS test
+RUN --mount=type=bind,target=. \
+  --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache \
+  --mount=type=cache,target=/go/pkg/mod \
+  go test -v -coverprofile=/tmp/coverage.txt -covermode=atomic ./... && \
+  go tool cover -func=/tmp/coverage.txt
 
-# FROM golang:1.12-alpine AS docker-cli-build
-# RUN apk add -U git bash coreutils gcc musl-dev
-# ENV CGO_ENABLED=0
-# ARG REPO=github.com/tiborvass/cli
-# ARG BRANCH=cli-plugin-aliases
-# ARG CLI_VERSION
-# WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/docker/cli
-# RUN git clone git://$REPO . && git checkout $BRANCH
-# RUN ./scripts/build/binary
+FROM scratch AS test-coverage
+COPY --from=test /tmp/coverage.txt /coverage.txt
 
 FROM scratch AS binaries-unix
-COPY --from=buildx-build /usr/bin/buildx /
+COPY --link --from=buildx-build /usr/bin/docker-buildx /buildx
 
 FROM binaries-unix AS binaries-darwin
 FROM binaries-unix AS binaries-linux
 
 FROM scratch AS binaries-windows
-COPY --from=buildx-build /usr/bin/buildx /buildx.exe
+COPY --link --from=buildx-build /usr/bin/docker-buildx /buildx.exe
 
 FROM binaries-$TARGETOS AS binaries
+# enable scanning for this stage
+ARG BUILDKIT_SBOM_SCAN_STAGE=true
 
+# Release
 FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM alpine AS releaser
 WORKDIR /work
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 RUN --mount=from=binaries \
-  --mount=source=/tmp/.version,target=/tmp/.version,from=buildx-version \
-  mkdir -p /out && cp buildx* "/out/buildx-$(cat /tmp/.version).$(echo $TARGETPLATFORM | sed 's/\//-/g')$(ls buildx* | sed -e 's/^buildx//')"
+  --mount=type=bind,from=buildx-version,source=/buildx-version,target=/buildx-version <<EOT
+  set -e
+  mkdir -p /out
+  cp buildx* "/out/buildx-$(cat /buildx-version/version).$(echo $TARGETPLATFORM | sed 's/\//-/g')$(ls buildx* | sed -e 's/^buildx//')"
+EOT
 
 FROM scratch AS release
 COPY --from=releaser /out/ /
 
-FROM alpine AS demo-env
+# Shell
+FROM docker:$DOCKERD_VERSION AS dockerd-release
+FROM alpine AS shell
 RUN apk add --no-cache iptables tmux git vim less openssh
 RUN mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/docker/cli-plugins && ln -s /usr/local/bin/buildx /usr/local/lib/docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
 COPY ./hack/demo-env/entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin
 COPY ./hack/demo-env/tmux.conf /root/.tmux.conf
 COPY --from=dockerd-release /usr/local/bin /usr/local/bin
-#COPY --from=docker-cli-build /go/src/github.com/docker/cli/build/docker /usr/local/bin
-
 WORKDIR /work
 COPY ./hack/demo-env/examples .
 COPY --from=binaries / /usr/local/bin/
 VOLUME /var/lib/docker
 ENTRYPOINT ["entrypoint.sh"]
 
-FROM binaries
+FROM binaries

MAINTAINERS

@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ made through a pull request.
 		people = [
 			"akihirosuda",
 			"crazy-max",
+			"jedevc",
 			"tiborvass",
 			"tonistiigi",
 		]
@@ -188,6 +189,11 @@ made through a pull request.
 	Email = "contact@crazymax.dev"
 	GitHub = "crazy-max"
 
+	[people.jedevc]
+	Name = "Justin Chadwell"
+	Email = "me@jedevc.com"
+	GitHub = "jedevc"
+
 	[people.thajeztah]
 	Name = "Sebastiaan van Stijn"
 	Email = "github@gone.nl"

Makefile

@@ -1,40 +1,80 @@
+ifneq (, $(BUILDX_BIN))
+	export BUILDX_CMD = $(BUILDX_BIN)
+else ifneq (, $(shell docker buildx version))
+	export BUILDX_CMD = docker buildx
+else ifneq (, $(shell which buildx))
+	export BUILDX_CMD = $(which buildx)
+endif
+
+export BUILDX_CMD ?= docker buildx
+
+.PHONY: all
+all: binaries
+
+.PHONY: build
+build:
+	./hack/build
+
+.PHONY: shell
 shell:
 	./hack/shell
 
+.PHONY: binaries
 binaries:
-	./hack/binaries
+	$(BUILDX_CMD) bake binaries
 
+.PHONY: binaries-cross
 binaries-cross:
-	EXPORT_LOCAL=cross-out ./hack/cross
-
-cross:
-	./hack/cross
+	$(BUILDX_CMD) bake binaries-cross
 
+.PHONY: install
 install: binaries
 	mkdir -p ~/.docker/cli-plugins
-	install bin/buildx ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
+	install bin/build/buildx ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
 
-lint:
-	./hack/lint
+.PHONY: release
+release:
+	./hack/release
 
-test:
-	./hack/test
-
-validate-vendor:
-	./hack/validate-vendor
-	
-validate-docs:
-	./hack/validate-docs
-	
+.PHONY: validate-all
 validate-all: lint test validate-vendor validate-docs
 
+.PHONY: lint
+lint:
+	$(BUILDX_CMD) bake lint
+
+.PHONY: test
+test:
+	$(BUILDX_CMD) bake test
+
+.PHONY: validate-vendor
+validate-vendor:
+	$(BUILDX_CMD) bake validate-vendor
+
+.PHONY: validate-docs
+validate-docs:
+	$(BUILDX_CMD) bake validate-docs
+
+.PHONY: validate-authors
+validate-authors:
+	$(BUILDX_CMD) bake validate-authors
+
+.PHONY: test-driver
+test-driver:
+	./hack/test-driver
+
+.PHONY: vendor
 vendor:
 	./hack/update-vendor
 
+.PHONY: docs
 docs:
 	./hack/update-docs
 
-generate-authors:
-	./hack/generate-authors
+.PHONY: authors
+authors:
+	$(BUILDX_CMD) bake update-authors
 
-.PHONY: vendor lint shell binaries install binaries-cross validate-all generate-authors validate-docs docs
+.PHONY: mod-outdated
+mod-outdated:
+	$(BUILDX_CMD) bake mod-outdated

README.md

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 # buildx
 
-[![PkgGoDev](https://img.shields.io/badge/go.dev-docs-007d9c?logo=go&logoColor=white)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/docker/buildx)
-[![Build Status](https://github.com/docker/buildx/workflows/build/badge.svg)](https://github.com/docker/buildx/actions?query=workflow%3Abuild)
-[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/docker/buildx)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/docker/buildx)
-[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/docker/buildx/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/docker/buildx)
+[![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/docker/buildx.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/docker/buildx/releases/latest)
+[![PkgGoDev](https://img.shields.io/badge/go.dev-docs-007d9c?style=flat-square&logo=go&logoColor=white)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/docker/buildx)
+[![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/docker/buildx/build.yml?branch=master&label=build&logo=github&style=flat-square)](https://github.com/docker/buildx/actions?query=workflow%3Abuild)
+[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/docker/buildx?style=flat-square)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/docker/buildx)
+[![codecov](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/docker/buildx?logo=codecov&style=flat-square)](https://codecov.io/gh/docker/buildx)
 
-`buildx` is a Docker CLI plugin for extended build capabilities with [BuildKit](https://github.com/moby/buildkit).
+`buildx` is a Docker CLI plugin for extended build capabilities with
+[BuildKit](https://github.com/moby/buildkit).
 
 Key features:
 
@@ -20,74 +22,140 @@ Key features:
 # Table of Contents
 
 - [Installing](#installing)
-  - [Docker](#docker)
-  - [Binary release](#binary-release)
-  - [From `Dockerfile`](#from-dockerfile)
+  - [Windows and macOS](#windows-and-macos)
+  - [Linux packages](#linux-packages)
+  - [Manual download](#manual-download)
+  - [Dockerfile](#dockerfile)
+- [Set buildx as the default builder](#set-buildx-as-the-default-builder)
 - [Building](#building)
-  - [with Docker 18.09+](#with-docker-1809)
-  - [with buildx or Docker 19.03](#with-buildx-or-docker-1903)
 - [Getting started](#getting-started)
   - [Building with buildx](#building-with-buildx)
   - [Working with builder instances](#working-with-builder-instances)
   - [Building multi-platform images](#building-multi-platform-images)
-  - [High-level build options](#high-level-build-options)
-- [Documentation](docs/reference)
-  - [`buildx build [OPTIONS] PATH | URL | -`](docs/reference/buildx_build.md)
-  - [`buildx create [OPTIONS] [CONTEXT|ENDPOINT]`](docs/reference/buildx_create.md)
-  - [`buildx use NAME`](docs/reference/buildx_use.md)
-  - [`buildx inspect [NAME]`](docs/reference/buildx_inspect.md)
+- [Manuals](docs/manuals)
+  - [High-level build options with Bake](docs/manuals/bake/index.md)
+  - [Drivers](docs/manuals/drivers/index.md)
+  - [Exporters](docs/manuals/exporters/index.md)
+  - [Cache backends](docs/manuals/cache/backends/index.md)
+- [Guides](docs/guides)
+  - [CI/CD](docs/guides/cicd.md)
+  - [CNI networking](docs/guides/cni-networking.md)
+  - [Using a custom network](docs/guides/custom-network.md)
+  - [Using a custom registry configuration](docs/guides/custom-registry-config.md)
+  - [OpenTelemetry support](docs/guides/opentelemetry.md)
+  - [Registry mirror](docs/guides/registry-mirror.md)
+  - [Resource limiting](docs/guides/resource-limiting.md)
+- [Reference](docs/reference/buildx.md)
+  - [`buildx bake`](docs/reference/buildx_bake.md)
+  - [`buildx build`](docs/reference/buildx_build.md)
+  - [`buildx create`](docs/reference/buildx_create.md)
+  - [`buildx du`](docs/reference/buildx_du.md)
+  - [`buildx imagetools`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools.md)
+    - [`buildx imagetools create`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_create.md)
+    - [`buildx imagetools inspect`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_inspect.md)
+  - [`buildx inspect`](docs/reference/buildx_inspect.md)
+  - [`buildx install`](docs/reference/buildx_install.md)
   - [`buildx ls`](docs/reference/buildx_ls.md)
-  - [`buildx stop [NAME]`](docs/reference/buildx_stop.md)
-  - [`buildx rm [NAME]`](docs/reference/buildx_rm.md)
-  - [`buildx bake [OPTIONS] [TARGET...]`](docs/reference/buildx_bake.md)
-  - [`buildx imagetools create [OPTIONS] [SOURCE] [SOURCE...]`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_create.md)
-  - [`buildx imagetools inspect NAME`](docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_inspect.md)
-- [Setting buildx as default builder in Docker 19.03+](#setting-buildx-as-default-builder-in-docker-1903)
+  - [`buildx prune`](docs/reference/buildx_prune.md)
+  - [`buildx rm`](docs/reference/buildx_rm.md)
+  - [`buildx stop`](docs/reference/buildx_stop.md)
+  - [`buildx uninstall`](docs/reference/buildx_uninstall.md)
+  - [`buildx use`](docs/reference/buildx_use.md)
+  - [`buildx version`](docs/reference/buildx_version.md)
 - [Contributing](#contributing)
 
-
 # Installing
 
-Using `buildx` as a docker CLI plugin requires using Docker 19.03 or newer. A limited set of functionality works with older versions of Docker when invoking the binary directly.
+Using `buildx` as a docker CLI plugin requires using Docker 19.03 or newer.
+A limited set of functionality works with older versions of Docker when
+invoking the binary directly.
 
-### Docker
+## Windows and macOS
 
-`buildx` comes bundled with Docker Desktop and in latest Docker CE packages, but may not be included in all Linux distros (in which case follow the binary release instructions).
+Docker Buildx is included in [Docker Desktop](https://docs.docker.com/desktop/)
+for Windows and macOS.
 
-### Binary release
+## Linux packages
 
-Download the latest binary release from https://github.com/docker/buildx/releases/latest and copy it to `~/.docker/cli-plugins` folder with name `docker-buildx`.
+Docker Linux packages also include Docker Buildx when installed using the
+[DEB or RPM packages](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/).
 
-Change the permission to execute:
-```sh
-chmod a+x ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
-```
+## Manual download
 
-### From `Dockerfile`
+> **Important**
+>
+> This section is for unattended installation of the buildx component. These
+> instructions are mostly suitable for testing purposes. We do not recommend
+> installing buildx using manual download in production environments as they
+> will not be updated automatically with security updates.
+>
+> On Windows and macOS, we recommend that you install [Docker Desktop](https://docs.docker.com/desktop/)
+> instead. For Linux, we recommend that you follow the [instructions specific for your distribution](#linux-packages).
 
-Here is how to use buildx inside a Dockerfile through the [`docker/buildx-bin`](https://hub.docker.com/r/docker/buildx-bin) image:
+You can also download the latest binary from the [GitHub releases page](https://github.com/docker/buildx/releases/latest).
 
-```Dockerfile
+Rename the relevant binary and copy it to the destination matching your OS:
+
+| OS       | Binary name          | Destination folder                       |
+| -------- | -------------------- | -----------------------------------------|
+| Linux    | `docker-buildx`      | `$HOME/.docker/cli-plugins`              |
+| macOS    | `docker-buildx`      | `$HOME/.docker/cli-plugins`              |
+| Windows  | `docker-buildx.exe`  | `%USERPROFILE%\.docker\cli-plugins`      |
+
+Or copy it into one of these folders for installing it system-wide.
+
+On Unix environments:
+
+* `/usr/local/lib/docker/cli-plugins` OR `/usr/local/libexec/docker/cli-plugins`
+* `/usr/lib/docker/cli-plugins` OR `/usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins`
+
+On Windows:
+
+* `C:\ProgramData\Docker\cli-plugins`
+* `C:\Program Files\Docker\cli-plugins`
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> On Unix environments, it may also be necessary to make it executable with `chmod +x`:
+> ```shell
+> $ chmod +x ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
+> ```
+
+## Dockerfile
+
+Here is how to install and use Buildx inside a Dockerfile through the
+[`docker/buildx-bin`](https://hub.docker.com/r/docker/buildx-bin) image:
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
 FROM docker
-COPY --from=docker/buildx-bin:latest /buildx /usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
+COPY --from=docker/buildx-bin /buildx /usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
 RUN docker buildx version
 ```
 
+# Set buildx as the default builder
+
+Running the command [`docker buildx install`](docs/reference/buildx_install.md)
+sets up docker builder command as an alias to `docker buildx build`. This
+results in the ability to have `docker build` use the current buildx builder.
+
+To remove this alias, run [`docker buildx uninstall`](docs/reference/buildx_uninstall.md).
 
 # Building
 
+```console
+# Buildx 0.6+
+$ docker buildx bake "https://github.com/docker/buildx.git"
+$ mkdir -p ~/.docker/cli-plugins
+$ mv ./bin/build/buildx ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
 
-### with buildx or Docker 19.03+
-```
-$ export DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1
-$ docker build --platform=local -o . git://github.com/docker/buildx
+# Docker 19.03+
+$ DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build --platform=local -o . "https://github.com/docker/buildx.git"
 $ mkdir -p ~/.docker/cli-plugins
 $ mv buildx ~/.docker/cli-plugins/docker-buildx
-```
 
-### with Docker 18.09+
-```
-$ git clone git://github.com/docker/buildx && cd buildx
+# Local 
+$ git clone https://github.com/docker/buildx.git && cd buildx
 $ make install
 ```
 
@@ -95,65 +163,146 @@ $ make install
 
 ## Building with buildx
 
-Buildx is a Docker CLI plugin that extends the `docker build` command with the full support of the features provided by [Moby BuildKit](https://github.com/moby/buildkit) builder toolkit. It provides the same user experience as `docker build` with many new features like creating scoped builder instances and building against multiple nodes concurrently.
+Buildx is a Docker CLI plugin that extends the `docker build` command with the
+full support of the features provided by [Moby BuildKit](https://github.com/moby/buildkit)
+builder toolkit. It provides the same user experience as `docker build` with
+many new features like creating scoped builder instances and building against
+multiple nodes concurrently.
 
-After installation, buildx can be accessed through the `docker buildx` command with Docker 19.03.  `docker buildx build` is the command for starting a new build. With Docker versions older than 19.03 buildx binary can be called directly to access the `docker buildx` subcommands.
+After installation, buildx can be accessed through the `docker buildx` command
+with Docker 19.03.  `docker buildx build` is the command for starting a new
+build. With Docker versions older than 19.03 buildx binary can be called
+directly to access the `docker buildx` subcommands.
 
-```
+```console
 $ docker buildx build .
 [+] Building 8.4s (23/32)
  => ...
 ```
 
+Buildx will always build using the BuildKit engine and does not require
+`DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1` environment variable for starting builds.
 
-Buildx will always build using the BuildKit engine and does not require `DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1` environment variable for starting builds.
+The `docker buildx build` command supports features available for `docker build`,
+including features such as outputs configuration, inline build caching, and
+specifying target platform. In addition, Buildx also supports new features that
+are not yet available for regular `docker build` like building manifest lists,
+distributed caching, and exporting build results to OCI image tarballs.
 
-Buildx build command supports the features available for `docker build` including the new features in Docker 19.03 such as outputs configuration, inline build caching or specifying target platform. In addition, buildx supports new features not yet available for regular `docker build` like building manifest lists, distributed caching, exporting build results to OCI image tarballs etc.
+Buildx is flexible and can be run in different configurations that are exposed
+through various "drivers". Each driver defines how and where a build should
+run, and have different feature sets.
 
-Buildx is supposed to be flexible and can be run in different configurations that are exposed through a driver concept. Currently, we support a "docker" driver that uses the BuildKit library bundled into the Docker daemon binary, and a "docker-container" driver that automatically launches BuildKit inside a Docker container. We plan to add more drivers in the future, for example, one that would allow running buildx inside an (unprivileged) container.
-
-The user experience of using buildx is very similar across drivers, but there are some features that are not currently supported by the "docker" driver, because the BuildKit library bundled into docker daemon currently uses a different storage component. In contrast, all images built with "docker" driver are automatically added to the "docker images" view by default, whereas when using other drivers the method for outputting an image needs to be selected with `--output`.
+We currently support the following drivers:
+- The `docker` driver ([guide](docs/manuals/drivers/docker.md), [reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver))
+- The `docker-container` driver ([guide](docs/manuals/drivers/docker-container.md), [reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver))
+- The `kubernetes` driver ([guide](docs/manuals/drivers/kubernetes.md), [reference](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver))
+- The `remote` driver ([guide](docs/manuals/drivers/remote.md))
 
+For more information on drivers, see the [drivers guide](docs/manuals/drivers/index.md).
 
 ## Working with builder instances
 
-By default, buildx will initially use the "docker" driver if it is supported, providing a very similar user experience to the native `docker build`. But using a local shared daemon is only one way to build your applications.
+By default, buildx will initially use the `docker` driver if it is supported,
+providing a very similar user experience to the native `docker build`. Note that
+you must use a local shared daemon to build your applications.
 
-Buildx allows you to create new instances of isolated builders. This can be used for getting a scoped environment for your CI builds that does not change the state of the shared daemon or for isolating the builds for different projects. You can create a new instance for a set of remote nodes, forming a build farm, and quickly switch between them.
+Buildx allows you to create new instances of isolated builders. This can be
+used for getting a scoped environment for your CI builds that does not change
+the state of the shared daemon or for isolating the builds for different
+projects. You can create a new instance for a set of remote nodes, forming a
+build farm, and quickly switch between them.
 
-New instances can be created with `docker buildx create` command. This will create a new builder instance with a single node based on your current configuration. To use a remote node you can specify the `DOCKER_HOST` or remote context name while creating the new builder. After creating a new instance you can manage its lifecycle with the `inspect`, `stop` and `rm` commands and list all available builders with `ls`. After creating a new builder you can also append new nodes to it.
+You can create new instances using the [`docker buildx create`](docs/reference/buildx_create.md)
+command. This creates a new builder instance with a single node based on your
+current configuration.
 
-To switch between different builders, use `docker buildx use <name>`. After running this command the build commands would automatically keep using this builder.
+To use a remote node you can specify the `DOCKER_HOST` or the remote context name
+while creating the new builder. After creating a new instance, you can manage its
+lifecycle using the [`docker buildx inspect`](docs/reference/buildx_inspect.md),
+[`docker buildx stop`](docs/reference/buildx_stop.md), and
+[`docker buildx rm`](docs/reference/buildx_rm.md) commands. To list all
+available builders, use [`buildx ls`](docs/reference/buildx_ls.md). After
+creating a new builder you can also append new nodes to it.
 
-Docker 19.03 also features a new `docker context` command that can be used for giving names for remote Docker API endpoints. Buildx integrates with `docker context` so that all of your contexts automatically get a default builder instance. While creating a new builder instance or when adding a node to it you can also set the context name as the target.
+To switch between different builders, use [`docker buildx use <name>`](docs/reference/buildx_use.md).
+After running this command, the build commands will automatically use this
+builder.
+
+Docker also features a [`docker context`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/context/)
+command that can be used for giving names for remote Docker API endpoints.
+Buildx integrates with `docker context` so that all of your contexts
+automatically get a default builder instance. While creating a new builder
+instance or when adding a node to it you can also set the context name as the
+target.
 
 ## Building multi-platform images
 
-BuildKit is designed to work well for building for multiple platforms and not only for the architecture and operating system that the user invoking the build happens to run.
+BuildKit is designed to work well for building for multiple platforms and not
+only for the architecture and operating system that the user invoking the build
+happens to run.
 
-When invoking a build, the `--platform` flag can be used to specify the target platform for the build output, (e.g. linux/amd64, linux/arm64, darwin/amd64). When the current builder instance is backed by the "docker-container" driver, multiple platforms can be specified together. In this case, a manifest list will be built, containing images for all of the specified architectures. When this image is used in `docker run` or `docker service`, Docker will pick the correct image based on the node’s platform.
+When you invoke a build, you can set the `--platform` flag to specify the target
+platform for the build output, (for example, `linux/amd64`, `linux/arm64`, or
+`darwin/amd64`).
 
-Multi-platform images can be built by mainly three different strategies that are all supported by buildx and Dockerfiles. You can use the QEMU emulation support in the kernel, build on multiple native nodes using the same builder instance or use a stage in Dockerfile to cross-compile to different architectures.
+When the current builder instance is backed by the `docker-container` or 
+`kubernetes` driver, you can specify multiple platforms together. In this case,
+it builds a manifest list which contains images for all specified architectures.
+When you use this image in [`docker run`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/run/)
+or [`docker service`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/service/),
+Docker picks the correct image based on the node's platform.
 
-QEMU is the easiest way to get started if your node already supports it (e.g. if you are using Docker Desktop). It requires no changes to your Dockerfile and BuildKit will automatically detect the secondary architectures that are available. When BuildKit needs to run a binary for a different architecture it will automatically load it through a binary registered in the binfmt_misc handler. For QEMU binaries registered with binfmt_misc on the host OS to work transparently inside containers they must be registered with the fix_binary flag. This requires a kernel >= 4.8 and binfmt-support >= 2.1.7. You can check for proper registration by checking if `F` is among the flags in `/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/qemu-*`. While Docker Desktop comes preconfigured with binfmt_misc support for additional platforms, for other installations it likely needs to be installed using [`tonistiigi/binfmt`](https://github.com/tonistiigi/binfmt) image.
+You can build multi-platform images using three different strategies that are
+supported by Buildx and Dockerfiles:
 
-```
+1. Using the QEMU emulation support in the kernel
+2. Building on multiple native nodes using the same builder instance
+3. Using a stage in Dockerfile to cross-compile to different architectures
+
+QEMU is the easiest way to get started if your node already supports it (for
+example. if you are using Docker Desktop). It requires no changes to your
+Dockerfile and BuildKit automatically detects the secondary architectures that
+are available. When BuildKit needs to run a binary for a different architecture,
+it automatically loads it through a binary registered in the `binfmt_misc`
+handler.
+
+For QEMU binaries registered with `binfmt_misc` on the host OS to work
+transparently inside containers they must be registered with the `fix_binary`
+flag. This requires a kernel >= 4.8 and binfmt-support >= 2.1.7. You can check
+for proper registration by checking if `F` is among the flags in
+`/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/qemu-*`. While Docker Desktop comes preconfigured
+with `binfmt_misc` support for additional platforms, for other installations
+it likely needs to be installed using [`tonistiigi/binfmt`](https://github.com/tonistiigi/binfmt)
+image.
+
+```console
 $ docker run --privileged --rm tonistiigi/binfmt --install all
 ```
 
-Using multiple native nodes provides better support for more complicated cases not handled by QEMU and generally have better performance. Additional nodes can be added to the builder instance with `--append` flag.
+Using multiple native nodes provide better support for more complicated cases
+that are not handled by QEMU and generally have better performance. You can
+add additional nodes to the builder instance using the `--append` flag.
 
-```
-# assuming contexts node-amd64 and node-arm64 exist in "docker context ls"
+Assuming contexts `node-amd64` and `node-arm64` exist in `docker context ls`;
+
+```console
 $ docker buildx create --use --name mybuild node-amd64
 mybuild
 $ docker buildx create --append --name mybuild node-arm64
 $ docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 .
 ```
 
-Finally, depending on your project, the language that you use may have good support for cross-compilation. In that case, multi-stage builds in Dockerfiles can be effectively used to build binaries for the platform specified with `--platform` using the native architecture of the build node. List of build arguments like `BUILDPLATFORM` and `TARGETPLATFORM` are available automatically inside your Dockerfile and can be leveraged by the processes running as part of your build.
+Finally, depending on your project, the language that you use may have good
+support for cross-compilation. In that case, multi-stage builds in Dockerfiles
+can be effectively used to build binaries for the platform specified with
+`--platform` using the native architecture of the build node. A list of build
+arguments like `BUILDPLATFORM` and `TARGETPLATFORM` is available automatically
+inside your Dockerfile and can be leveraged by the processes running as part
+of your build.
 
-```
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
 FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:alpine AS build
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 ARG BUILDPLATFORM
@@ -162,25 +311,12 @@ FROM alpine
 COPY --from=build /log /log
 ```
 
+You can also use [`tonistiigi/xx`](https://github.com/tonistiigi/xx) Dockerfile
+cross-compilation helpers for more advanced use-cases.
 
 ## High-level build options
 
-Buildx also aims to provide support for higher level build concepts that go beyond invoking a single build command. We want to support building all the images in your application together and let the users define project specific reusable build flows that can then be easily invoked by anyone.
-
-BuildKit has great support for efficiently handling multiple concurrent build requests and deduplicating work. While build commands can be combined with general-purpose command runners (eg. make), these tools generally invoke builds in sequence and therefore can’t leverage the full potential of BuildKit parallelization or combine BuildKit’s output for the user. For this use case we have added a command called `docker buildx bake`.
-
-Currently, the bake command supports building images from compose files, similar to `compose build` but allowing all the services to be built concurrently as part of a single request.
-
-There is also support for custom build rules from HCL/JSON files allowing better code reuse and different target groups. The design of bake is in very early stages and we are looking for feedback from users.
-
-[`buildx bake` Reference Docs](docs/reference/buildx_bake.md)
-
-# Setting buildx as default builder in Docker 19.03+
-
-Running `docker buildx install` sets up `docker builder` command as an alias to `docker buildx`. This results in the ability to have `docker build` use the current buildx builder.
-
-To remove this alias, you can run `docker buildx uninstall`.
-
+See [`docs/manuals/bake/index.md`](docs/manuals/bake/index.md) for more details.
 
 # Contributing
 

bake/bake.go

@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@ package bake
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/csv"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
+	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -14,21 +17,32 @@ import (
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/urlutil"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/builder/remotecontext/urlutil"
 	hcl "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session/auth/authprovider"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
-var httpPrefix = regexp.MustCompile(`^https?://`)
-var gitURLPathWithFragmentSuffix = regexp.MustCompile(`\.git(?:#.+)?$`)
+var (
+	httpPrefix                   = regexp.MustCompile(`^https?://`)
+	gitURLPathWithFragmentSuffix = regexp.MustCompile(`\.git(?:#.+)?$`)
+
+	validTargetNameChars = `[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+`
+	targetNamePattern    = regexp.MustCompile(`^` + validTargetNameChars + `$`)
+)
 
 type File struct {
 	Name string
 	Data []byte
 }
 
+type Override struct {
+	Value    string
+	ArrValue []string
+}
+
 func defaultFilenames() []string {
 	return []string{
 		"docker-compose.yml",  // support app
@@ -49,41 +63,145 @@ func ReadLocalFiles(names []string) ([]File, error) {
 	out := make([]File, 0, len(names))
 
 	for _, n := range names {
-		dt, err := ioutil.ReadFile(n)
-		if err != nil {
-			if isDefault && errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-				continue
+		var dt []byte
+		var err error
+		if n == "-" {
+			dt, err = io.ReadAll(os.Stdin)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		} else {
+			dt, err = os.ReadFile(n)
+			if err != nil {
+				if isDefault && errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+					continue
+				}
+				return nil, err
 			}
-			return nil, err
 		}
 		out = append(out, File{Name: n, Data: dt})
 	}
 	return out, nil
 }
 
-func ReadTargets(ctx context.Context, files []File, targets, overrides []string, defaults map[string]string) (map[string]*Target, error) {
+func ReadTargets(ctx context.Context, files []File, targets, overrides []string, defaults map[string]string) (map[string]*Target, map[string]*Group, error) {
 	c, err := ParseFiles(files, defaults)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	for i, t := range targets {
+		targets[i] = sanitizeTargetName(t)
 	}
 
 	o, err := c.newOverrides(overrides)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	m := map[string]*Target{}
-	for _, n := range targets {
-		for _, n := range c.ResolveGroup(n) {
-			t, err := c.ResolveTarget(n, o)
+	n := map[string]*Group{}
+	for _, target := range targets {
+		ts, gs := c.ResolveGroup(target)
+		for _, tname := range ts {
+			t, err := c.ResolveTarget(tname, o)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				return nil, nil, err
 			}
 			if t != nil {
-				m[n] = t
+				m[tname] = t
+			}
+		}
+		for _, gname := range gs {
+			for _, group := range c.Groups {
+				if group.Name == gname {
+					n[gname] = group
+					break
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return m, nil
+
+	for _, target := range targets {
+		if target == "default" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, ok := n["default"]; !ok {
+			n["default"] = &Group{Name: "default"}
+		}
+		n["default"].Targets = append(n["default"].Targets, target)
+	}
+	if g, ok := n["default"]; ok {
+		g.Targets = dedupSlice(g.Targets)
+	}
+
+	for name, t := range m {
+		if err := c.loadLinks(name, t, m, o, nil); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Propagate SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH from the client env.
+	// The logic is purposely duplicated from `build/build`.go for keeping this visible in `bake --print`.
+	if v := os.Getenv("SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"); v != "" {
+		for _, f := range m {
+			if f.Args == nil {
+				f.Args = make(map[string]*string)
+			}
+			if _, ok := f.Args["SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"]; !ok {
+				f.Args["SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"] = &v
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return m, n, nil
+}
+
+func dedupSlice(s []string) []string {
+	if len(s) == 0 {
+		return s
+	}
+	var res []string
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, val := range s {
+		if _, ok := seen[val]; !ok {
+			res = append(res, val)
+			seen[val] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func dedupMap(ms ...map[string]string) map[string]string {
+	if len(ms) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	res := map[string]string{}
+	for _, m := range ms {
+		if len(m) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		for k, v := range m {
+			if _, ok := res[k]; !ok {
+				res[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func sliceToMap(env []string) (res map[string]string) {
+	res = make(map[string]string)
+	for _, s := range env {
+		kv := strings.SplitN(s, "=", 2)
+		key := kv[0]
+		switch {
+		case len(kv) == 1:
+			res[key] = ""
+		default:
+			res[key] = kv[1]
+		}
+	}
+	return
 }
 
 func ParseFiles(files []File, defaults map[string]string) (_ *Config, err error) {
@@ -92,15 +210,15 @@ func ParseFiles(files []File, defaults map[string]string) (_ *Config, err error)
 	}()
 
 	var c Config
-	var fs []*hcl.File
+	var composeFiles []File
+	var hclFiles []*hcl.File
 	for _, f := range files {
-		cfg, isCompose, composeErr := ParseComposeFile(f.Data, f.Name)
+		isCompose, composeErr := validateComposeFile(f.Data, f.Name)
 		if isCompose {
 			if composeErr != nil {
 				return nil, composeErr
 			}
-			c = mergeConfig(c, *cfg)
-			c = dedupeConfig(c)
+			composeFiles = append(composeFiles, f)
 		}
 		if !isCompose {
 			hf, isHCL, err := ParseHCLFile(f.Data, f.Name)
@@ -108,7 +226,7 @@ func ParseFiles(files []File, defaults map[string]string) (_ *Config, err error)
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, err
 				}
-				fs = append(fs, hf)
+				hclFiles = append(hclFiles, hf)
 			} else if composeErr != nil {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse %s: parsing yaml: %v, parsing hcl: %w", f.Name, composeErr, err)
 			} else {
@@ -117,26 +235,43 @@ func ParseFiles(files []File, defaults map[string]string) (_ *Config, err error)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if len(fs) > 0 {
-		if err := hclparser.Parse(hcl.MergeFiles(fs), hclparser.Opt{
-			LookupVar: os.LookupEnv,
-			Vars:      defaults,
+	if len(composeFiles) > 0 {
+		cfg, cmperr := ParseComposeFiles(composeFiles)
+		if cmperr != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(cmperr, "failed to parse compose file")
+		}
+		c = mergeConfig(c, *cfg)
+		c = dedupeConfig(c)
+	}
+
+	if len(hclFiles) > 0 {
+		if err := hclparser.Parse(hcl.MergeFiles(hclFiles), hclparser.Opt{
+			LookupVar:     os.LookupEnv,
+			Vars:          defaults,
+			ValidateLabel: validateTargetName,
 		}, &c); err.HasErrors() {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
+
 	return &c, nil
 }
 
 func dedupeConfig(c Config) Config {
 	c2 := c
+	c2.Groups = make([]*Group, 0, len(c2.Groups))
+	for _, g := range c.Groups {
+		g1 := *g
+		g1.Targets = dedupSlice(g1.Targets)
+		c2.Groups = append(c2.Groups, &g1)
+	}
 	c2.Targets = make([]*Target, 0, len(c2.Targets))
-	m := map[string]*Target{}
+	mt := map[string]*Target{}
 	for _, t := range c.Targets {
-		if t2, ok := m[t.Name]; ok {
+		if t2, ok := mt[t.Name]; ok {
 			t2.Merge(t)
 		} else {
-			m[t.Name] = t
+			mt[t.Name] = t
 			c2.Targets = append(c2.Targets, t)
 		}
 	}
@@ -147,22 +282,9 @@ func ParseFile(dt []byte, fn string) (*Config, error) {
 	return ParseFiles([]File{{Data: dt, Name: fn}}, nil)
 }
 
-func ParseComposeFile(dt []byte, fn string) (*Config, bool, error) {
-	fnl := strings.ToLower(fn)
-	if strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".yml") || strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".yaml") {
-		cfg, err := ParseCompose(dt)
-		return cfg, true, err
-	}
-	if strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".json") || strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".hcl") {
-		return nil, false, nil
-	}
-	cfg, err := ParseCompose(dt)
-	return cfg, err == nil, err
-}
-
 type Config struct {
-	Groups  []*Group  `json:"group" hcl:"group,block"`
-	Targets []*Target `json:"target" hcl:"target,block"`
+	Groups  []*Group  `json:"group" hcl:"group,block" cty:"group"`
+	Targets []*Target `json:"target" hcl:"target,block" cty:"target"`
 }
 
 func mergeConfig(c1, c2 Config) Config {
@@ -240,10 +362,46 @@ func (c Config) expandTargets(pattern string) ([]string, error) {
 	return names, nil
 }
 
-func (c Config) newOverrides(v []string) (map[string]*Target, error) {
-	m := map[string]*Target{}
-	for _, v := range v {
+func (c Config) loadLinks(name string, t *Target, m map[string]*Target, o map[string]map[string]Override, visited []string) error {
+	visited = append(visited, name)
+	for _, v := range t.Contexts {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "target:") {
+			target := strings.TrimPrefix(v, "target:")
+			if target == t.Name {
+				return errors.Errorf("target %s cannot link to itself", target)
+			}
+			for _, v := range visited {
+				if v == target {
+					return errors.Errorf("infinite loop from %s to %s", name, target)
+				}
+			}
+			t2, ok := m[target]
+			if !ok {
+				var err error
+				t2, err = c.ResolveTarget(target, o)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				t2.Outputs = nil
+				t2.linked = true
+				m[target] = t2
+			}
+			if err := c.loadLinks(target, t2, m, o, visited); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if len(t.Platforms) > 1 && len(t2.Platforms) > 1 {
+				if !sliceEqual(t.Platforms, t2.Platforms) {
+					return errors.Errorf("target %s can't be used by %s because it is defined for different platforms %v and %v", target, name, t2.Platforms, t.Platforms)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
 
+func (c Config) newOverrides(v []string) (map[string]map[string]Override, error) {
+	m := map[string]map[string]Override{}
+	for _, v := range v {
 		parts := strings.SplitN(v, "=", 2)
 		keys := strings.SplitN(parts[0], ".", 3)
 		if len(keys) < 2 {
@@ -260,85 +418,64 @@ func (c Config) newOverrides(v []string) (map[string]*Target, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
+		kk := strings.SplitN(parts[0], ".", 2)
+
 		for _, name := range names {
 			t, ok := m[name]
 			if !ok {
-				t = &Target{}
+				t = map[string]Override{}
+				m[name] = t
 			}
 
+			o := t[kk[1]]
+
 			switch keys[1] {
-			case "context":
-				t.Context = &parts[1]
-			case "dockerfile":
-				t.Dockerfile = &parts[1]
+			case "output", "cache-to", "cache-from", "tags", "platform", "secrets", "ssh", "attest":
+				if len(parts) == 2 {
+					o.ArrValue = append(o.ArrValue, parts[1])
+				}
 			case "args":
 				if len(keys) != 3 {
 					return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid key %s, args requires name", parts[0])
 				}
-				if t.Args == nil {
-					t.Args = map[string]string{}
-				}
 				if len(parts) < 2 {
 					v, ok := os.LookupEnv(keys[2])
-					if ok {
-						t.Args[keys[2]] = v
+					if !ok {
+						continue
 					}
-				} else {
-					t.Args[keys[2]] = parts[1]
+					o.Value = v
 				}
-			case "labels":
+				fallthrough
+			case "contexts":
 				if len(keys) != 3 {
-					return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid key %s, lanels requires name", parts[0])
+					return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid key %s, contexts requires name", parts[0])
 				}
-				if t.Labels == nil {
-					t.Labels = map[string]string{}
-				}
-				t.Labels[keys[2]] = parts[1]
-			case "tags":
-				t.Tags = append(t.Tags, parts[1])
-			case "cache-from":
-				t.CacheFrom = append(t.CacheFrom, parts[1])
-			case "cache-to":
-				t.CacheTo = append(t.CacheTo, parts[1])
-			case "target":
-				s := parts[1]
-				t.Target = &s
-			case "secrets":
-				t.Secrets = append(t.Secrets, parts[1])
-			case "ssh":
-				t.SSH = append(t.SSH, parts[1])
-			case "platform":
-				t.Platforms = append(t.Platforms, parts[1])
-			case "output":
-				t.Outputs = append(t.Outputs, parts[1])
-			case "no-cache":
-				noCache, err := strconv.ParseBool(parts[1])
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid value %s for boolean key no-cache", parts[1])
-				}
-				t.NoCache = &noCache
-			case "pull":
-				pull, err := strconv.ParseBool(parts[1])
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid value %s for boolean key pull", parts[1])
-				}
-				t.Pull = &pull
+				fallthrough
 			default:
-				return nil, errors.Errorf("unknown key: %s", keys[1])
+				if len(parts) == 2 {
+					o.Value = parts[1]
+				}
 			}
-			m[name] = t
+
+			t[kk[1]] = o
 		}
 	}
 	return m, nil
 }
 
-func (c Config) ResolveGroup(name string) []string {
-	return c.group(name, map[string]struct{}{})
+func (c Config) ResolveGroup(name string) ([]string, []string) {
+	targets, groups := c.group(name, map[string]visit{})
+	return dedupSlice(targets), dedupSlice(groups)
 }
 
-func (c Config) group(name string, visited map[string]struct{}) []string {
-	if _, ok := visited[name]; ok {
-		return nil
+type visit struct {
+	target []string
+	group  []string
+}
+
+func (c Config) group(name string, visited map[string]visit) ([]string, []string) {
+	if v, ok := visited[name]; ok {
+		return v.target, v.group
 	}
 	var g *Group
 	for _, group := range c.Groups {
@@ -348,21 +485,32 @@ func (c Config) group(name string, visited map[string]struct{}) []string {
 		}
 	}
 	if g == nil {
-		return []string{name}
+		return []string{name}, nil
 	}
-	visited[name] = struct{}{}
+	visited[name] = visit{}
 	targets := make([]string, 0, len(g.Targets))
+	groups := []string{name}
 	for _, t := range g.Targets {
-		targets = append(targets, c.group(t, visited)...)
+		ttarget, tgroup := c.group(t, visited)
+		if len(ttarget) > 0 {
+			targets = append(targets, ttarget...)
+		} else {
+			targets = append(targets, t)
+		}
+		if len(tgroup) > 0 {
+			groups = append(groups, tgroup...)
+		}
 	}
-	return targets
+	visited[name] = visit{target: targets, group: groups}
+	return targets, groups
 }
 
-func (c Config) ResolveTarget(name string, overrides map[string]*Target) (*Target, error) {
-	t, err := c.target(name, map[string]struct{}{}, overrides)
+func (c Config) ResolveTarget(name string, overrides map[string]map[string]Override) (*Target, error) {
+	t, err := c.target(name, map[string]*Target{}, overrides)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	t.Inherits = nil
 	if t.Context == nil {
 		s := "."
 		t.Context = &s
@@ -374,11 +522,11 @@ func (c Config) ResolveTarget(name string, overrides map[string]*Target) (*Targe
 	return t, nil
 }
 
-func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]struct{}, overrides map[string]*Target) (*Target, error) {
-	if _, ok := visited[name]; ok {
-		return nil, nil
+func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]*Target, overrides map[string]map[string]Override) (*Target, error) {
+	if t, ok := visited[name]; ok {
+		return t, nil
 	}
-	visited[name] = struct{}{}
+	visited[name] = nil
 	var t *Target
 	for _, target := range c.Targets {
 		if target.Name == name {
@@ -399,50 +547,57 @@ func (c Config) target(name string, visited map[string]struct{}, overrides map[s
 			tt.Merge(t)
 		}
 	}
-	t.Inherits = nil
 	m := defaultTarget()
 	m.Merge(tt)
 	m.Merge(t)
 	tt = m
-	if override, ok := overrides[name]; ok {
-		tt.Merge(override)
+	if err := tt.AddOverrides(overrides[name]); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	tt.normalize()
+	visited[name] = tt
 	return tt, nil
 }
 
 type Group struct {
-	Name    string   `json:"-" hcl:"name,label"`
-	Targets []string `json:"targets" hcl:"targets"`
+	Name    string   `json:"-" hcl:"name,label" cty:"name"`
+	Targets []string `json:"targets" hcl:"targets" cty:"targets"`
 	// Target // TODO?
 }
 
 type Target struct {
-	Name string `json:"-" hcl:"name,label"`
+	Name string `json:"-" hcl:"name,label" cty:"name"`
 
 	// Inherits is the only field that cannot be overridden with --set
-	Inherits []string `json:"inherits,omitempty" hcl:"inherits,optional"`
+	Attest   []string `json:"attest,omitempty" hcl:"attest,optional" cty:"attest"`
+	Inherits []string `json:"inherits,omitempty" hcl:"inherits,optional" cty:"inherits"`
 
-	Context          *string           `json:"context,omitempty" hcl:"context,optional"`
-	Dockerfile       *string           `json:"dockerfile,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile,optional"`
-	DockerfileInline *string           `json:"dockerfile-inline,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile-inline,optional"`
-	Args             map[string]string `json:"args,omitempty" hcl:"args,optional"`
-	Labels           map[string]string `json:"labels,omitempty" hcl:"labels,optional"`
-	Tags             []string          `json:"tags,omitempty" hcl:"tags,optional"`
-	CacheFrom        []string          `json:"cache-from,omitempty"  hcl:"cache-from,optional"`
-	CacheTo          []string          `json:"cache-to,omitempty"  hcl:"cache-to,optional"`
-	Target           *string           `json:"target,omitempty" hcl:"target,optional"`
-	Secrets          []string          `json:"secret,omitempty" hcl:"secret,optional"`
-	SSH              []string          `json:"ssh,omitempty" hcl:"ssh,optional"`
-	Platforms        []string          `json:"platforms,omitempty" hcl:"platforms,optional"`
-	Outputs          []string          `json:"output,omitempty" hcl:"output,optional"`
-	Pull             *bool             `json:"pull,omitempty" hcl:"pull,optional"`
-	NoCache          *bool             `json:"no-cache,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache,optional"`
+	Context          *string            `json:"context,omitempty" hcl:"context,optional" cty:"context"`
+	Contexts         map[string]string  `json:"contexts,omitempty" hcl:"contexts,optional" cty:"contexts"`
+	Dockerfile       *string            `json:"dockerfile,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile,optional" cty:"dockerfile"`
+	DockerfileInline *string            `json:"dockerfile-inline,omitempty" hcl:"dockerfile-inline,optional" cty:"dockerfile-inline"`
+	Args             map[string]*string `json:"args,omitempty" hcl:"args,optional" cty:"args"`
+	Labels           map[string]*string `json:"labels,omitempty" hcl:"labels,optional" cty:"labels"`
+	Tags             []string           `json:"tags,omitempty" hcl:"tags,optional" cty:"tags"`
+	CacheFrom        []string           `json:"cache-from,omitempty"  hcl:"cache-from,optional" cty:"cache-from"`
+	CacheTo          []string           `json:"cache-to,omitempty"  hcl:"cache-to,optional" cty:"cache-to"`
+	Target           *string            `json:"target,omitempty" hcl:"target,optional" cty:"target"`
+	Secrets          []string           `json:"secret,omitempty" hcl:"secret,optional" cty:"secret"`
+	SSH              []string           `json:"ssh,omitempty" hcl:"ssh,optional" cty:"ssh"`
+	Platforms        []string           `json:"platforms,omitempty" hcl:"platforms,optional" cty:"platforms"`
+	Outputs          []string           `json:"output,omitempty" hcl:"output,optional" cty:"output"`
+	Pull             *bool              `json:"pull,omitempty" hcl:"pull,optional" cty:"pull"`
+	NoCache          *bool              `json:"no-cache,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache,optional" cty:"no-cache"`
+	NetworkMode      *string            `json:"-" hcl:"-" cty:"-"`
+	NoCacheFilter    []string           `json:"no-cache-filter,omitempty" hcl:"no-cache-filter,optional" cty:"no-cache-filter"`
+	// IMPORTANT: if you add more fields here, do not forget to update newOverrides and docs/bake-reference.md.
 
-	// IMPORTANT: if you add more fields here, do not forget to update newOverrides and README.
+	// linked is a private field to mark a target used as a linked one
+	linked bool
 }
 
 func (t *Target) normalize() {
+	t.Attest = removeDupes(t.Attest)
 	t.Tags = removeDupes(t.Tags)
 	t.Secrets = removeDupes(t.Secrets)
 	t.SSH = removeDupes(t.SSH)
@@ -450,6 +605,16 @@ func (t *Target) normalize() {
 	t.CacheFrom = removeDupes(t.CacheFrom)
 	t.CacheTo = removeDupes(t.CacheTo)
 	t.Outputs = removeDupes(t.Outputs)
+	t.NoCacheFilter = removeDupes(t.NoCacheFilter)
+
+	for k, v := range t.Contexts {
+		if v == "" {
+			delete(t.Contexts, k)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(t.Contexts) == 0 {
+		t.Contexts = nil
+	}
 }
 
 func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
@@ -463,14 +628,26 @@ func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
 		t.DockerfileInline = t2.DockerfileInline
 	}
 	for k, v := range t2.Args {
+		if v == nil {
+			continue
+		}
 		if t.Args == nil {
-			t.Args = map[string]string{}
+			t.Args = map[string]*string{}
 		}
 		t.Args[k] = v
 	}
+	for k, v := range t2.Contexts {
+		if t.Contexts == nil {
+			t.Contexts = map[string]string{}
+		}
+		t.Contexts[k] = v
+	}
 	for k, v := range t2.Labels {
+		if v == nil {
+			continue
+		}
 		if t.Labels == nil {
-			t.Labels = map[string]string{}
+			t.Labels = map[string]*string{}
 		}
 		t.Labels[k] = v
 	}
@@ -480,6 +657,9 @@ func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
 	if t2.Target != nil {
 		t.Target = t2.Target
 	}
+	if t2.Attest != nil { // merge
+		t.Attest = append(t.Attest, t2.Attest...)
+	}
 	if t2.Secrets != nil { // merge
 		t.Secrets = append(t.Secrets, t2.Secrets...)
 	}
@@ -504,9 +684,101 @@ func (t *Target) Merge(t2 *Target) {
 	if t2.NoCache != nil {
 		t.NoCache = t2.NoCache
 	}
+	if t2.NetworkMode != nil {
+		t.NetworkMode = t2.NetworkMode
+	}
+	if t2.NoCacheFilter != nil { // merge
+		t.NoCacheFilter = append(t.NoCacheFilter, t2.NoCacheFilter...)
+	}
 	t.Inherits = append(t.Inherits, t2.Inherits...)
 }
 
+func (t *Target) AddOverrides(overrides map[string]Override) error {
+	for key, o := range overrides {
+		value := o.Value
+		keys := strings.SplitN(key, ".", 2)
+		switch keys[0] {
+		case "context":
+			t.Context = &value
+		case "dockerfile":
+			t.Dockerfile = &value
+		case "args":
+			if len(keys) != 2 {
+				return errors.Errorf("args require name")
+			}
+			if t.Args == nil {
+				t.Args = map[string]*string{}
+			}
+			t.Args[keys[1]] = &value
+		case "contexts":
+			if len(keys) != 2 {
+				return errors.Errorf("contexts require name")
+			}
+			if t.Contexts == nil {
+				t.Contexts = map[string]string{}
+			}
+			t.Contexts[keys[1]] = value
+		case "labels":
+			if len(keys) != 2 {
+				return errors.Errorf("labels require name")
+			}
+			if t.Labels == nil {
+				t.Labels = map[string]*string{}
+			}
+			t.Labels[keys[1]] = &value
+		case "tags":
+			t.Tags = o.ArrValue
+		case "cache-from":
+			t.CacheFrom = o.ArrValue
+		case "cache-to":
+			t.CacheTo = o.ArrValue
+		case "target":
+			t.Target = &value
+		case "secrets":
+			t.Secrets = o.ArrValue
+		case "ssh":
+			t.SSH = o.ArrValue
+		case "platform":
+			t.Platforms = o.ArrValue
+		case "output":
+			t.Outputs = o.ArrValue
+		case "attest":
+			t.Attest = append(t.Attest, o.ArrValue...)
+		case "no-cache":
+			noCache, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("invalid value %s for boolean key no-cache", value)
+			}
+			t.NoCache = &noCache
+		case "no-cache-filter":
+			t.NoCacheFilter = o.ArrValue
+		case "pull":
+			pull, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("invalid value %s for boolean key pull", value)
+			}
+			t.Pull = &pull
+		case "push":
+			_, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("invalid value %s for boolean key push", value)
+			}
+			if len(t.Outputs) == 0 {
+				t.Outputs = append(t.Outputs, "type=image,push=true")
+			} else {
+				for i, output := range t.Outputs {
+					if typ := parseOutputType(output); typ == "image" || typ == "registry" {
+						t.Outputs[i] = t.Outputs[i] + ",push=" + value
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		default:
+			return errors.Errorf("unknown key: %s", keys[0])
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func TargetsToBuildOpt(m map[string]*Target, inp *Input) (map[string]build.Options, error) {
 	m2 := make(map[string]build.Options, len(m))
 	for k, v := range m {
@@ -523,6 +795,21 @@ func updateContext(t *build.Inputs, inp *Input) {
 	if inp == nil || inp.State == nil {
 		return
 	}
+
+	for k, v := range t.NamedContexts {
+		if v.Path == "." {
+			t.NamedContexts[k] = build.NamedContext{Path: inp.URL}
+		}
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "cwd://") || strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "target:") || strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "docker-image:") {
+			continue
+		}
+		if IsRemoteURL(v.Path) {
+			continue
+		}
+		st := llb.Scratch().File(llb.Copy(*inp.State, v.Path, "/"), llb.WithCustomNamef("set context %s to %s", k, v.Path))
+		t.NamedContexts[k] = build.NamedContext{State: &st}
+	}
+
 	if t.ContextPath == "." {
 		t.ContextPath = inp.URL
 		return
@@ -537,6 +824,59 @@ func updateContext(t *build.Inputs, inp *Input) {
 	t.ContextState = &st
 }
 
+// validateContextsEntitlements is a basic check to ensure contexts do not
+// escape local directories when loaded from remote sources. This is to be
+// replaced with proper entitlements support in the future.
+func validateContextsEntitlements(t build.Inputs, inp *Input) error {
+	if inp == nil || inp.State == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BAKE_ALLOW_REMOTE_FS_ACCESS"); ok {
+		if vv, _ := strconv.ParseBool(v); vv {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	if t.ContextState == nil {
+		if err := checkPath(t.ContextPath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	for _, v := range t.NamedContexts {
+		if v.State != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := checkPath(v.Path); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func checkPath(p string) error {
+	if IsRemoteURL(p) || strings.HasPrefix(p, "target:") || strings.HasPrefix(p, "docker-image:") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	p, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(p)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	wd, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	rel, err := filepath.Rel(wd, p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(rel, ".."+string(os.PathSeparator)) {
+		return errors.Errorf("path %s is outside of the working directory, please set BAKE_ALLOW_REMOTE_FS_ACCESS=1", p)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	if v := t.Context; v != nil && *v == "-" {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("context from stdin not allowed in bake")
@@ -561,6 +901,22 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 		dockerfilePath = path.Join(contextPath, dockerfilePath)
 	}
 
+	args := map[string]string{}
+	for k, v := range t.Args {
+		if v == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		args[k] = *v
+	}
+
+	labels := map[string]string{}
+	for k, v := range t.Labels {
+		if v == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		labels[k] = *v
+	}
+
 	noCache := false
 	if t.NoCache != nil {
 		noCache = *t.NoCache
@@ -569,10 +925,15 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	if t.Pull != nil {
 		pull = *t.Pull
 	}
+	networkMode := ""
+	if t.NetworkMode != nil {
+		networkMode = *t.NetworkMode
+	}
 
 	bi := build.Inputs{
 		ContextPath:    contextPath,
 		DockerfilePath: dockerfilePath,
+		NamedContexts:  toNamedContexts(t.Contexts),
 	}
 	if t.DockerfileInline != nil {
 		bi.DockerfileInline = *t.DockerfileInline
@@ -581,16 +942,28 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	if strings.HasPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://") {
 		bi.ContextPath = path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(bi.ContextPath, "cwd://"))
 	}
+	for k, v := range bi.NamedContexts {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v.Path, "cwd://") {
+			bi.NamedContexts[k] = build.NamedContext{Path: path.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(v.Path, "cwd://"))}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := validateContextsEntitlements(bi, inp); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
 	t.Context = &bi.ContextPath
 
 	bo := &build.Options{
-		Inputs:    bi,
-		Tags:      t.Tags,
-		BuildArgs: t.Args,
-		Labels:    t.Labels,
-		NoCache:   noCache,
-		Pull:      pull,
+		Inputs:        bi,
+		Tags:          t.Tags,
+		BuildArgs:     args,
+		Labels:        labels,
+		NoCache:       noCache,
+		NoCacheFilter: t.NoCacheFilter,
+		Pull:          pull,
+		NetworkMode:   networkMode,
+		Linked:        t.linked,
 	}
 
 	platforms, err := platformutil.Parse(t.Platforms)
@@ -599,7 +972,8 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	}
 	bo.Platforms = platforms
 
-	bo.Session = append(bo.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(os.Stderr))
+	dockerConfig := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
+	bo.Session = append(bo.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig))
 
 	secrets, err := buildflags.ParseSecretSpecs(t.Secrets)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -639,6 +1013,12 @@ func toBuildOpt(t *Target, inp *Input) (*build.Options, error) {
 	}
 	bo.Exports = outputs
 
+	attests, err := buildflags.ParseAttests(t.Attest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	bo.Attests = attests
+
 	return bo, nil
 }
 
@@ -666,3 +1046,56 @@ func removeDupes(s []string) []string {
 func isRemoteResource(str string) bool {
 	return urlutil.IsGitURL(str) || urlutil.IsURL(str)
 }
+
+func parseOutputType(str string) string {
+	csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(str))
+	fields, err := csvReader.Read()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(field, "=", 2)
+		if len(parts) == 2 {
+			if parts[0] == "type" {
+				return parts[1]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func validateTargetName(name string) error {
+	if !targetNamePattern.MatchString(name) {
+		return errors.Errorf("only %q are allowed", validTargetNameChars)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func sanitizeTargetName(target string) string {
+	// as stipulated in compose spec, service name can contain a dot so as
+	// best-effort and to avoid any potential ambiguity, we replace the dot
+	// with an underscore.
+	return strings.ReplaceAll(target, ".", "_")
+}
+
+func sliceEqual(s1, s2 []string) bool {
+	if len(s1) != len(s2) {
+		return false
+	}
+	sort.Strings(s1)
+	sort.Strings(s2)
+	for i := range s1 {
+		if s1[i] != s2[i] {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func toNamedContexts(m map[string]string) map[string]build.NamedContext {
+	m2 := make(map[string]build.NamedContext, len(m))
+	for k, v := range m {
+		m2[k] = build.NamedContext{Path: v}
+	}
+	return m2
+}

bake/compose.go

@@ -1,48 +1,44 @@
 package bake
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"reflect"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/dotenv"
 	"github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/loader"
 	compose "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/types"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )
 
-func parseCompose(dt []byte) (*compose.Project, error) {
-	return loader.Load(compose.ConfigDetails{
-		ConfigFiles: []compose.ConfigFile{
-			{
-				Content: dt,
-			},
-		},
-		Environment: envMap(os.Environ()),
+func ParseComposeFiles(fs []File) (*Config, error) {
+	envs, err := composeEnv()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var cfgs []compose.ConfigFile
+	for _, f := range fs {
+		cfgs = append(cfgs, compose.ConfigFile{
+			Filename: f.Name,
+			Content:  f.Data,
+		})
+	}
+	return ParseCompose(cfgs, envs)
+}
+
+func ParseCompose(cfgs []compose.ConfigFile, envs map[string]string) (*Config, error) {
+	cfg, err := loader.Load(compose.ConfigDetails{
+		ConfigFiles: cfgs,
+		Environment: envs,
 	}, func(options *loader.Options) {
 		options.SkipNormalization = true
 	})
-}
-
-func envMap(env []string) map[string]string {
-	result := make(map[string]string, len(env))
-	for _, s := range env {
-		kv := strings.SplitN(s, "=", 2)
-		if len(kv) != 2 {
-			continue
-		}
-		result[kv[0]] = kv[1]
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-func ParseCompose(dt []byte) (*Config, error) {
-	cfg, err := parseCompose(dt)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	var c Config
-	var zeroBuildConfig compose.BuildConfig
 	if len(cfg.Services) > 0 {
 		c.Groups = []*Group{}
 		c.Targets = []*Target{}
@@ -50,15 +46,15 @@ func ParseCompose(dt []byte) (*Config, error) {
 		g := &Group{Name: "default"}
 
 		for _, s := range cfg.Services {
-
-			if s.Build == nil || reflect.DeepEqual(s.Build, zeroBuildConfig) {
-				// if not make sure they're setting an image or it's invalid d-c.yml
-				if s.Image == "" {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("compose file invalid: service %s has neither an image nor a build context specified. At least one must be provided", s.Name)
-				}
+			if s.Build == nil {
 				continue
 			}
 
+			targetName := sanitizeTargetName(s.Name)
+			if err = validateTargetName(targetName); err != nil {
+				return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid service name %q", targetName)
+			}
+
 			var contextPathP *string
 			if s.Build.Context != "" {
 				contextPath := s.Build.Context
@@ -69,24 +65,50 @@ func ParseCompose(dt []byte) (*Config, error) {
 				dockerfilePath := s.Build.Dockerfile
 				dockerfilePathP = &dockerfilePath
 			}
-			g.Targets = append(g.Targets, s.Name)
+
+			var secrets []string
+			for _, bs := range s.Build.Secrets {
+				secret, err := composeToBuildkitSecret(bs, cfg.Secrets[bs.Source])
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				secrets = append(secrets, secret)
+			}
+
+			// compose does not support nil values for labels
+			labels := map[string]*string{}
+			for k, v := range s.Build.Labels {
+				v := v
+				labels[k] = &v
+			}
+
+			g.Targets = append(g.Targets, targetName)
 			t := &Target{
-				Name:       s.Name,
+				Name:       targetName,
 				Context:    contextPathP,
 				Dockerfile: dockerfilePathP,
-				Labels:     s.Build.Labels,
+				Tags:       s.Build.Tags,
+				Labels:     labels,
 				Args: flatten(s.Build.Args.Resolve(func(val string) (string, bool) {
+					if val, ok := s.Environment[val]; ok && val != nil {
+						return *val, true
+					}
 					val, ok := cfg.Environment[val]
 					return val, ok
 				})),
-				CacheFrom: s.Build.CacheFrom,
-				// TODO: add platforms
+				CacheFrom:   s.Build.CacheFrom,
+				CacheTo:     s.Build.CacheTo,
+				NetworkMode: &s.Build.Network,
+				Secrets:     secrets,
+			}
+			if err = t.composeExtTarget(s.Build.Extensions); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
 			}
 			if s.Build.Target != "" {
 				target := s.Build.Target
 				t.Target = &target
 			}
-			if s.Image != "" {
+			if len(t.Tags) == 0 && s.Image != "" {
 				t.Tags = []string{s.Image}
 			}
 			c.Targets = append(c.Targets, t)
@@ -98,16 +120,205 @@ func ParseCompose(dt []byte) (*Config, error) {
 	return &c, nil
 }
 
-func flatten(in compose.MappingWithEquals) compose.Mapping {
+func validateComposeFile(dt []byte, fn string) (bool, error) {
+	envs, err := composeEnv()
+	if err != nil {
+		return true, err
+	}
+	fnl := strings.ToLower(fn)
+	if strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".yml") || strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".yaml") {
+		return true, validateCompose(dt, envs)
+	}
+	if strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".json") || strings.HasSuffix(fnl, ".hcl") {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	err = validateCompose(dt, envs)
+	return err == nil, err
+}
+
+func validateCompose(dt []byte, envs map[string]string) error {
+	_, err := loader.Load(compose.ConfigDetails{
+		ConfigFiles: []compose.ConfigFile{
+			{
+				Content: dt,
+			},
+		},
+		Environment: envs,
+	}, func(options *loader.Options) {
+		options.SkipNormalization = true
+		// consistency is checked later in ParseCompose to ensure multiple
+		// compose files can be merged together
+		options.SkipConsistencyCheck = true
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+func composeEnv() (map[string]string, error) {
+	envs := sliceToMap(os.Environ())
+	if wd, err := os.Getwd(); err == nil {
+		envs, err = loadDotEnv(envs, wd)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return envs, nil
+}
+
+func loadDotEnv(curenv map[string]string, workingDir string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	if curenv == nil {
+		curenv = make(map[string]string)
+	}
+
+	ef, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Join(workingDir, ".env"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if _, err = os.Stat(ef); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return curenv, nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	dt, err := os.ReadFile(ef)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	envs, err := dotenv.UnmarshalBytes(dt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	for k, v := range envs {
+		if _, set := curenv[k]; set {
+			continue
+		}
+		curenv[k] = v
+	}
+
+	return curenv, nil
+}
+
+func flatten(in compose.MappingWithEquals) map[string]*string {
 	if len(in) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	out := compose.Mapping{}
+	out := map[string]*string{}
 	for k, v := range in {
 		if v == nil {
 			continue
 		}
-		out[k] = *v
+		out[k] = v
 	}
 	return out
 }
+
+// xbake Compose build extension provides fields not (yet) available in
+// Compose build specification: https://github.com/compose-spec/compose-spec/blob/master/build.md
+type xbake struct {
+	Tags          stringArray `yaml:"tags,omitempty"`
+	CacheFrom     stringArray `yaml:"cache-from,omitempty"`
+	CacheTo       stringArray `yaml:"cache-to,omitempty"`
+	Secrets       stringArray `yaml:"secret,omitempty"`
+	SSH           stringArray `yaml:"ssh,omitempty"`
+	Platforms     stringArray `yaml:"platforms,omitempty"`
+	Outputs       stringArray `yaml:"output,omitempty"`
+	Pull          *bool       `yaml:"pull,omitempty"`
+	NoCache       *bool       `yaml:"no-cache,omitempty"`
+	NoCacheFilter stringArray `yaml:"no-cache-filter,omitempty"`
+	Contexts      stringMap   `yaml:"contexts,omitempty"`
+	// don't forget to update documentation if you add a new field:
+	// docs/manuals/bake/compose-file.md#extension-field-with-x-bake
+}
+
+type stringMap map[string]string
+type stringArray []string
+
+func (sa *stringArray) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
+	var multi []string
+	err := unmarshal(&multi)
+	if err != nil {
+		var single string
+		if err := unmarshal(&single); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		*sa = strings.Fields(single)
+	} else {
+		*sa = multi
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// composeExtTarget converts Compose build extension x-bake to bake Target
+// https://github.com/compose-spec/compose-spec/blob/master/spec.md#extension
+func (t *Target) composeExtTarget(exts map[string]interface{}) error {
+	var xb xbake
+
+	ext, ok := exts["x-bake"]
+	if !ok || ext == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	yb, _ := yaml.Marshal(ext)
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(yb, &xb); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if len(xb.Tags) > 0 {
+		t.Tags = dedupSlice(append(t.Tags, xb.Tags...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.CacheFrom) > 0 {
+		t.CacheFrom = dedupSlice(append(t.CacheFrom, xb.CacheFrom...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.CacheTo) > 0 {
+		t.CacheTo = dedupSlice(append(t.CacheTo, xb.CacheTo...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.Secrets) > 0 {
+		t.Secrets = dedupSlice(append(t.Secrets, xb.Secrets...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.SSH) > 0 {
+		t.SSH = dedupSlice(append(t.SSH, xb.SSH...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.Platforms) > 0 {
+		t.Platforms = dedupSlice(append(t.Platforms, xb.Platforms...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.Outputs) > 0 {
+		t.Outputs = dedupSlice(append(t.Outputs, xb.Outputs...))
+	}
+	if xb.Pull != nil {
+		t.Pull = xb.Pull
+	}
+	if xb.NoCache != nil {
+		t.NoCache = xb.NoCache
+	}
+	if len(xb.NoCacheFilter) > 0 {
+		t.NoCacheFilter = dedupSlice(append(t.NoCacheFilter, xb.NoCacheFilter...))
+	}
+	if len(xb.Contexts) > 0 {
+		t.Contexts = dedupMap(t.Contexts, xb.Contexts)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// composeToBuildkitSecret converts secret from compose format to buildkit's
+// csv format.
+func composeToBuildkitSecret(inp compose.ServiceSecretConfig, psecret compose.SecretConfig) (string, error) {
+	if psecret.External.External {
+		return "", errors.Errorf("unsupported external secret %s", psecret.Name)
+	}
+
+	var bkattrs []string
+	if inp.Source != "" {
+		bkattrs = append(bkattrs, "id="+inp.Source)
+	}
+	if psecret.File != "" {
+		bkattrs = append(bkattrs, "src="+psecret.File)
+	}
+	if psecret.Environment != "" {
+		bkattrs = append(bkattrs, "env="+psecret.Environment)
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(bkattrs, ","), nil
+}

bake/compose_test.go

@@ -2,9 +2,12 @@ package bake
 
 import (
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
 
+	compose "github.com/compose-spec/compose-go/types"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -19,15 +22,29 @@ services:
     build:
       context: ./dir
       dockerfile: Dockerfile-alternate
+      network:
+        none
       args:
         buildno: 123
+      cache_from:
+        - type=local,src=path/to/cache
+      cache_to:
+        - type=local,dest=path/to/cache
+      secrets:
+        - token
+        - aws
+secrets:
+  token:
+    environment: ENV_TOKEN
+  aws:
+    file: /root/.aws/credentials
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Groups))
-	require.Equal(t, c.Groups[0].Name, "default")
+	require.Equal(t, "default", c.Groups[0].Name)
 	sort.Strings(c.Groups[0].Targets)
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"db", "webapp"}, c.Groups[0].Targets)
 
@@ -37,12 +54,20 @@ services:
 	})
 	require.Equal(t, "db", c.Targets[0].Name)
 	require.Equal(t, "./db", *c.Targets[0].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"docker.io/tonistiigi/db"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
 
 	require.Equal(t, "webapp", c.Targets[1].Name)
 	require.Equal(t, "./dir", *c.Targets[1].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile-alternate", *c.Targets[1].Dockerfile)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets[1].Args))
-	require.Equal(t, "123", c.Targets[1].Args["buildno"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("123"), c.Targets[1].Args["buildno"])
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,src=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[1].CacheFrom)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=local,dest=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[1].CacheTo)
+	require.Equal(t, "none", *c.Targets[1].NetworkMode)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{
+		"id=token,env=ENV_TOKEN",
+		"id=aws,src=/root/.aws/credentials",
+	}, c.Targets[1].Secrets)
 }
 
 func TestNoBuildOutOfTreeService(t *testing.T) {
@@ -53,9 +78,10 @@ services:
     webapp:
         build: ./db
 `)
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Groups))
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 }
 
 func TestParseComposeTarget(t *testing.T) {
@@ -71,7 +97,7 @@ services:
       target: webapp
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
@@ -96,15 +122,15 @@ services:
       target: webapp
 `)
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
 	sort.Slice(c.Targets, func(i, j int) bool {
 		return c.Targets[i].Name < c.Targets[j].Name
 	})
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "db")
+	require.Equal(t, "db", c.Targets[0].Name)
 	require.Equal(t, "db", *c.Targets[0].Target)
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Name, "webapp")
+	require.Equal(t, "webapp", c.Targets[1].Name)
 	require.Equal(t, "webapp", *c.Targets[1].Target)
 }
 
@@ -123,35 +149,26 @@ services:
         BRB: FOO
 `)
 
-	os.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
-	defer os.Unsetenv("FOO")
-	os.Setenv("BAR", "foo")
-	defer os.Unsetenv("BAR")
-	os.Setenv("ZZZ_BAR", "zzz_foo")
-	defer os.Unsetenv("ZZZ_BAR")
+	t.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
+	t.Setenv("BAR", "foo")
+	t.Setenv("ZZZ_BAR", "zzz_foo")
 
-	c, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, sliceToMap(os.Environ()))
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Args["FOO"], "bar")
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Args["BAR"], "zzz_foo")
-	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Args["BRB"], "FOO")
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("bar"), c.Targets[0].Args["FOO"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("zzz_foo"), c.Targets[0].Args["BAR"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("FOO"), c.Targets[0].Args["BRB"])
 }
 
-func TestBogusCompose(t *testing.T) {
+func TestInconsistentComposeFile(t *testing.T) {
 	var dt = []byte(`
 services:
-  db:
-    labels:
-      - "foo"
   webapp:
-    build:
-      context: .
-      target: webapp
+    entrypoint: echo 1
 `)
 
-	_, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.Error(t, err)
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "has neither an image nor a build context specified: invalid compose project")
 }
 
 func TestAdvancedNetwork(t *testing.T) {
@@ -175,10 +192,28 @@ networks:
           gateway: 10.5.0.254
 `)
 
-	_, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
+func TestTags(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  example:
+    image: example
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile: Dockerfile
+      tags:
+        - foo
+        - bar
+`)
+
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"foo", "bar"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
+}
+
 func TestDependsOnList(t *testing.T) {
 	var dt = []byte(`
 version: "3.8"
@@ -211,6 +246,416 @@ networks:
     name: test-net
 `)
 
-	_, err := ParseCompose(dt)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
+
+func TestComposeExt(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  addon:
+    image: ct-addon:bar
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile: ./Dockerfile
+      cache_from:
+        - user/app:cache
+      cache_to:
+        - user/app:cache
+      tags:
+        - ct-addon:baz
+      args:
+        CT_ECR: foo
+        CT_TAG: bar
+      x-bake:
+        contexts:
+          alpine: docker-image://alpine:3.13
+        tags:
+          - ct-addon:foo
+          - ct-addon:alp
+        platforms:
+          - linux/amd64
+          - linux/arm64
+        cache-from:
+          - type=local,src=path/to/cache
+        cache-to:
+          - type=local,dest=path/to/cache
+        pull: true
+
+  aws:
+    image: ct-fake-aws:bar
+    build:
+      dockerfile: ./aws.Dockerfile
+      args:
+        CT_ECR: foo
+        CT_TAG: bar
+      x-bake:
+        secret:
+          - id=mysecret,src=/local/secret
+          - id=mysecret2,src=/local/secret2
+        ssh: default
+        platforms: linux/arm64
+        output: type=docker
+        no-cache: true
+`)
+
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
+	sort.Slice(c.Targets, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return c.Targets[i].Name < c.Targets[j].Name
+	})
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"CT_ECR": ptrstr("foo"), "CT_TAG": ptrstr("bar")}, c.Targets[0].Args)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"ct-addon:baz", "ct-addon:foo", "ct-addon:alp"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"}, c.Targets[0].Platforms)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"user/app:cache", "type=local,src=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[0].CacheFrom)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"user/app:cache", "type=local,dest=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[0].CacheTo)
+	require.Equal(t, newBool(true), c.Targets[0].Pull)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"alpine": "docker-image://alpine:3.13"}, c.Targets[0].Contexts)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"ct-fake-aws:bar"}, c.Targets[1].Tags)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"id=mysecret,src=/local/secret", "id=mysecret2,src=/local/secret2"}, c.Targets[1].Secrets)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"default"}, c.Targets[1].SSH)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"linux/arm64"}, c.Targets[1].Platforms)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"type=docker"}, c.Targets[1].Outputs)
+	require.Equal(t, newBool(true), c.Targets[1].NoCache)
+}
+
+func TestComposeExtDedup(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  webapp:
+    image: app:bar
+    build:
+      cache_from:
+        - user/app:cache
+      cache_to:
+        - user/app:cache
+      tags:
+        - ct-addon:foo
+      x-bake:
+        tags:
+          - ct-addon:foo
+          - ct-addon:baz
+        cache-from:
+          - user/app:cache
+          - type=local,src=path/to/cache
+        cache-to:
+          - type=local,dest=path/to/cache
+`)
+
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"ct-addon:foo", "ct-addon:baz"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"user/app:cache", "type=local,src=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[0].CacheFrom)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"user/app:cache", "type=local,dest=path/to/cache"}, c.Targets[0].CacheTo)
+}
+
+func TestEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	envf, err := os.CreateTemp("", "env")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(envf.Name())
+
+	_, err = envf.WriteString("FOO=bsdf -csdf\n")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  scratch:
+    build:
+     context: .
+     args:
+        CT_ECR: foo
+        FOO:
+        NODE_ENV:
+    environment:
+      - NODE_ENV=test
+      - AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=dummy
+      - AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=dummy
+    env_file:
+      - ` + envf.Name() + `
+`)
+
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"CT_ECR": ptrstr("foo"), "FOO": ptrstr("bsdf -csdf"), "NODE_ENV": ptrstr("test")}, c.Targets[0].Args)
+}
+
+func TestDotEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpdir := t.TempDir()
+
+	err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpdir, ".env"), []byte("FOO=bar"), 0644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  scratch:
+    build:
+     context: .
+     args:
+        FOO:
+`)
+
+	chdir(t, tmpdir)
+	c, err := ParseComposeFiles([]File{{
+		Name: "docker-compose.yml",
+		Data: dt,
+	}})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"FOO": ptrstr("bar")}, c.Targets[0].Args)
+}
+
+func TestPorts(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+    build:
+     context: .
+    ports:
+      - 3306:3306
+  bar:
+    build:
+     context: .
+    ports:
+      - mode: ingress
+        target: 3306
+        published: "3306"
+        protocol: tcp
+`)
+	_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func newBool(val bool) *bool {
+	b := val
+	return &b
+}
+
+func TestServiceName(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		svc     string
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			svc:     "a",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "abc",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "a.b",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "_a",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "a_b",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "AbC",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			svc:     "AbC-0123",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.svc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: []byte(`
+services:
+  ` + tt.svc + `:
+    build:
+      context: .
+`)}}, nil)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateComposeSecret(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		dt      []byte
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "secret set by file",
+			dt: []byte(`
+secrets:
+  foo:
+    file: .secret
+`),
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "secret set by environment",
+			dt: []byte(`
+secrets:
+  foo:
+    environment: TOKEN
+`),
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "external secret",
+			dt: []byte(`
+secrets:
+  foo:
+    external: true
+`),
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unset secret",
+			dt: []byte(`
+secrets:
+  foo: {}
+`),
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "undefined secret",
+			dt: []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+    build:
+      secrets:
+        - token
+`),
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: tt.dt}}, nil)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateComposeFile(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name      string
+		fn        string
+		dt        []byte
+		isCompose bool
+		wantErr   bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "empty service",
+			fn:   "docker-compose.yml",
+			dt: []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+`),
+			isCompose: true,
+			wantErr:   true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "build",
+			fn:   "docker-compose.yml",
+			dt: []byte(`
+services:
+  foo:
+    build: .
+`),
+			isCompose: true,
+			wantErr:   false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "image",
+			fn:   "docker-compose.yml",
+			dt: []byte(`
+services:
+  simple:
+    image: nginx
+`),
+			isCompose: true,
+			wantErr:   false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unknown ext",
+			fn:   "docker-compose.foo",
+			dt: []byte(`
+services:
+  simple:
+    image: nginx
+`),
+			isCompose: true,
+			wantErr:   false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "hcl",
+			fn:   "docker-bake.hcl",
+			dt: []byte(`
+target "default" {
+  dockerfile = "test"
+}
+`),
+			isCompose: false,
+			wantErr:   false,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			isCompose, err := validateComposeFile(tt.dt, tt.fn)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.isCompose, isCompose)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestComposeNullArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	var dt = []byte(`
+services:
+  scratch:
+    build:
+     context: .
+     args:
+        FOO: null
+        bar: "baz"
+`)
+
+	c, err := ParseCompose([]compose.ConfigFile{{Content: dt}}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"bar": ptrstr("baz")}, c.Targets[0].Args)
+}
+
+// chdir changes the current working directory to the named directory,
+// and then restore the original working directory at the end of the test.
+func chdir(t *testing.T, dir string) {
+	olddir, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("chdir: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := os.Chdir(dir); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("chdir %s: %v", dir, err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		if err := os.Chdir(olddir); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("chdir to original working directory %s: %v", olddir, err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	})
+}

bake/hcl.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package bake
 import (
 	"strings"
 
-	hcl "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
+	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/hclparse"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/pb"

bake/hcl_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package bake
 
 import (
-	"os"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func TestHCLBasic(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Name, "webapp")
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets[1].Args))
-	require.Equal(t, "123", c.Targets[1].Args["buildno"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("123"), c.Targets[1].Args["buildno"])
 
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[2].Name, "cross")
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets[2].Platforms))
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func TestHCLBasic(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[3].Name, "webapp-plus")
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets[3].Args))
-	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"IAMCROSS": "true"}, c.Targets[3].Args)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"IAMCROSS": ptrstr("true")}, c.Targets[3].Args)
 }
 
 func TestHCLBasicInJSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func TestHCLBasicInJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Name, "webapp")
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets[1].Args))
-	require.Equal(t, "123", c.Targets[1].Args["buildno"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("123"), c.Targets[1].Args["buildno"])
 
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[2].Name, "cross")
 	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets[2].Platforms))
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ func TestHCLBasicInJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[3].Name, "webapp-plus")
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets[3].Args))
-	require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"IAMCROSS": "true"}, c.Targets[3].Args)
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"IAMCROSS": ptrstr("true")}, c.Targets[3].Args)
 }
 
 func TestHCLWithFunctions(t *testing.T) {
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ func TestHCLWithFunctions(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "webapp")
-	require.Equal(t, "124", c.Targets[0].Args["buildno"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("124"), c.Targets[0].Args["buildno"])
 }
 
 func TestHCLWithUserDefinedFunctions(t *testing.T) {
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ func TestHCLWithUserDefinedFunctions(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "webapp")
-	require.Equal(t, "124", c.Targets[0].Args["buildno"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("124"), c.Targets[0].Args["buildno"])
 }
 
 func TestHCLWithVariables(t *testing.T) {
@@ -206,9 +206,9 @@ func TestHCLWithVariables(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "webapp")
-	require.Equal(t, "123", c.Targets[0].Args["buildno"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("123"), c.Targets[0].Args["buildno"])
 
-	os.Setenv("BUILD_NUMBER", "456")
+	t.Setenv("BUILD_NUMBER", "456")
 
 	c, err = ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func TestHCLWithVariables(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "webapp")
-	require.Equal(t, "456", c.Targets[0].Args["buildno"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("456"), c.Targets[0].Args["buildno"])
 }
 
 func TestHCLWithVariablesInFunctions(t *testing.T) {
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ func TestHCLWithVariablesInFunctions(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "webapp")
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"user/repo:v1"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
 
-	os.Setenv("REPO", "docker/buildx")
+	t.Setenv("REPO", "docker/buildx")
 
 	c, err = ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -280,10 +280,10 @@ func TestHCLMultiFileSharedVariables(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "pre-abc", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
-	require.Equal(t, "abc-post", c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("pre-abc"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("abc-post"), c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
 
-	os.Setenv("FOO", "def")
+	t.Setenv("FOO", "def")
 
 	c, err = ParseFiles([]File{
 		{Data: dt, Name: "c1.hcl"},
@@ -293,12 +293,11 @@ func TestHCLMultiFileSharedVariables(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "pre-def", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
-	require.Equal(t, "def-post", c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("pre-def"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("def-post"), c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
 }
 
 func TestHCLVarsWithVars(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Unsetenv("FOO")
 	dt := []byte(`
 		variable "FOO" {
 			default = upper("${BASE}def")
@@ -330,10 +329,10 @@ func TestHCLVarsWithVars(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "pre--ABCDEF-", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
-	require.Equal(t, "ABCDEF-post", c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("pre--ABCDEF-"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("ABCDEF-post"), c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
 
-	os.Setenv("BASE", "new")
+	t.Setenv("BASE", "new")
 
 	c, err = ParseFiles([]File{
 		{Data: dt, Name: "c1.hcl"},
@@ -343,12 +342,11 @@ func TestHCLVarsWithVars(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "pre--NEWDEF-", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
-	require.Equal(t, "NEWDEF-post", c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("pre--NEWDEF-"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("NEWDEF-post"), c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
 }
 
 func TestHCLTypedVariables(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Unsetenv("FOO")
 	dt := []byte(`
 		variable "FOO" {
 			default = 3
@@ -369,33 +367,80 @@ func TestHCLTypedVariables(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "lower", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
-	require.Equal(t, "yes", c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("lower"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("yes"), c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
 
-	os.Setenv("FOO", "5.1")
-	os.Setenv("IS_FOO", "0")
+	t.Setenv("FOO", "5.1")
+	t.Setenv("IS_FOO", "0")
 
 	c, err = ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "higher", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
-	require.Equal(t, "no", c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("higher"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("no"), c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
 
-	os.Setenv("FOO", "NaN")
+	t.Setenv("FOO", "NaN")
 	_, err = ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "failed to parse FOO as number")
 
-	os.Setenv("FOO", "0")
-	os.Setenv("IS_FOO", "maybe")
+	t.Setenv("FOO", "0")
+	t.Setenv("IS_FOO", "maybe")
 
 	_, err = ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "failed to parse IS_FOO as bool")
 }
 
+func TestHCLNullVariables(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		variable "FOO" {
+			default = null
+		}
+		target "default" {
+			args = {
+				foo = FOO
+			}
+		}`)
+
+	c, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr(nil), c.Targets[0].Args["foo"])
+
+	t.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
+	c, err = ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("bar"), c.Targets[0].Args["foo"])
+}
+
+func TestJSONNullVariables(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`{
+		"variable": {
+			"FOO": {
+				"default": null
+			}
+		},
+		"target": {
+			"default": {
+				"args": {
+					"foo": "${FOO}"
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}`)
+
+	c, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.json")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr(nil), c.Targets[0].Args["foo"])
+
+	t.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
+	c, err = ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.json")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("bar"), c.Targets[0].Args["foo"])
+}
+
 func TestHCLVariableCycle(t *testing.T) {
 	dt := []byte(`
 		variable "FOO" {
@@ -431,19 +476,107 @@ func TestHCLAttrs(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "attr-abcdef", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("attr-abcdef"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
 
 	// env does not apply if no variable
-	os.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
+	t.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
 	c, err = ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "attr-abcdef", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("attr-abcdef"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
 	// attr-multifile
 }
 
+func TestHCLTargetAttrs(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		target "foo" {
+			dockerfile = "xxx"
+			context = target.bar.context
+			target = target.foo.dockerfile
+		}
+		
+		target "bar" {
+			dockerfile = target.foo.dockerfile
+			context = "yyy"
+			target = target.bar.context
+		}
+		`)
+
+	c, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, "foo", c.Targets[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "bar", c.Targets[1].Name)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "xxx", *c.Targets[0].Dockerfile)
+	require.Equal(t, "yyy", *c.Targets[0].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, "xxx", *c.Targets[0].Target)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "xxx", *c.Targets[1].Dockerfile)
+	require.Equal(t, "yyy", *c.Targets[1].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, "yyy", *c.Targets[1].Target)
+}
+
+func TestHCLTargetGlobal(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		target "foo" {
+			dockerfile = "x"
+		}
+		x = target.foo.dockerfile
+		y = x
+		target "bar" {
+			dockerfile = y
+		}
+		`)
+
+	c, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, "foo", c.Targets[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "bar", c.Targets[1].Name)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "x", *c.Targets[0].Dockerfile)
+	require.Equal(t, "x", *c.Targets[1].Dockerfile)
+}
+
+func TestHCLTargetAttrName(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		target "foo" {
+			dockerfile = target.foo.name
+		}
+		`)
+
+	c, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, "foo", c.Targets[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "foo", *c.Targets[0].Dockerfile)
+}
+
+func TestHCLTargetAttrEmptyChain(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		target "foo" {
+			# dockerfile = Dockerfile
+			context = target.foo.dockerfile
+			target = target.foo.context
+		}
+		`)
+
+	c, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, "foo", c.Targets[0].Name)
+	require.Nil(t, c.Targets[0].Dockerfile)
+	require.Nil(t, c.Targets[0].Context)
+	require.Nil(t, c.Targets[0].Target)
+}
+
 func TestHCLAttrsCustomType(t *testing.T) {
 	dt := []byte(`
 		platforms=["linux/arm64", "linux/amd64"]
@@ -461,11 +594,10 @@ func TestHCLAttrsCustomType(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"linux/arm64", "linux/amd64"}, c.Targets[0].Platforms)
-	require.Equal(t, "linux/arm64", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("linux/arm64"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
 }
 
 func TestHCLMultiFileAttrs(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Unsetenv("FOO")
 	dt := []byte(`
 		variable "FOO" {
 			default = "abc"
@@ -487,9 +619,9 @@ func TestHCLMultiFileAttrs(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "pre-def", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("pre-def"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
 
-	os.Setenv("FOO", "ghi")
+	t.Setenv("FOO", "ghi")
 
 	c, err = ParseFiles([]File{
 		{Data: dt, Name: "c1.hcl"},
@@ -499,7 +631,7 @@ func TestHCLMultiFileAttrs(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "pre-ghi", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("pre-ghi"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
 }
 
 func TestJSONAttributes(t *testing.T) {
@@ -510,7 +642,7 @@ func TestJSONAttributes(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "pre-abc-def", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("pre-abc-def"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
 }
 
 func TestJSONFunctions(t *testing.T) {
@@ -535,7 +667,25 @@ func TestJSONFunctions(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "pre-<FOO-abc>", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("pre-<FOO-abc>"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+}
+
+func TestJSONInvalidFunctions(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`{
+	"target": {
+		"app": {
+			"args": {
+				"v1": "myfunc(\"foo\")"
+			}
+		}
+	}}`)
+
+	c, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.json")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr(`myfunc("foo")`), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
 }
 
 func TestHCLFunctionInAttr(t *testing.T) {
@@ -563,7 +713,7 @@ func TestHCLFunctionInAttr(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "FOO <> [baz]", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("FOO <> [baz]"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
 }
 
 func TestHCLCombineCompose(t *testing.T) {
@@ -594,8 +744,8 @@ services:
 
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Targets))
 	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "app")
-	require.Equal(t, "foo", c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
-	require.Equal(t, "bar", c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("foo"), c.Targets[0].Args["v1"])
+	require.Equal(t, ptrstr("bar"), c.Targets[0].Args["v2"])
 	require.Equal(t, "dir", *c.Targets[0].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, "Dockerfile-alternate", *c.Targets[0].Dockerfile)
 }
@@ -620,3 +770,186 @@ func TestHCLBuiltinVars(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "foo", *c.Targets[0].Context)
 	require.Equal(t, "test", *c.Targets[0].Dockerfile)
 }
+
+func TestCombineHCLAndJSONTargets(t *testing.T) {
+	c, err := ParseFiles([]File{
+		{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(`
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["a"]
+}
+
+target "metadata-a" {}
+target "metadata-b" {}
+
+target "a" {
+  inherits = ["metadata-a"]
+  context = "."
+  target = "a"
+}
+
+target "b" {
+  inherits = ["metadata-b"]
+  context = "."
+  target = "b"
+}`),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "metadata-a.json",
+			Data: []byte(`
+{
+  "target": [{
+    "metadata-a": [{
+      "tags": [
+        "app/a:1.0.0",
+        "app/a:latest"
+      ]
+    }]
+  }]
+}`),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "metadata-b.json",
+			Data: []byte(`
+{
+  "target": [{
+    "metadata-b": [{
+      "tags": [
+        "app/b:1.0.0",
+        "app/b:latest"
+      ]
+    }]
+  }]
+}`),
+		},
+	}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Groups))
+	require.Equal(t, "default", c.Groups[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"a"}, c.Groups[0].Targets)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 4, len(c.Targets))
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "metadata-a")
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"app/a:1.0.0", "app/a:latest"}, c.Targets[0].Tags)
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Name, "metadata-b")
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"app/b:1.0.0", "app/b:latest"}, c.Targets[1].Tags)
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[2].Name, "a")
+	require.Equal(t, ".", *c.Targets[2].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, "a", *c.Targets[2].Target)
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[3].Name, "b")
+	require.Equal(t, ".", *c.Targets[3].Context)
+	require.Equal(t, "b", *c.Targets[3].Target)
+}
+
+func TestCombineHCLAndJSONVars(t *testing.T) {
+	c, err := ParseFiles([]File{
+		{
+			Name: "docker-bake.hcl",
+			Data: []byte(`
+variable "ABC" {
+  default = "foo"
+}
+variable "DEF" {
+  default = ""
+}
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["one"]
+}
+target "one" {
+  args = {
+    a = "pre-${ABC}"
+  }
+}
+target "two" {
+  args = {
+    b = "pre-${DEF}"
+  }
+}`),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "foo.json",
+			Data: []byte(`{"variable": {"DEF": {"default": "bar"}}, "target": { "one": { "args": {"a": "pre-${ABC}-${DEF}"}} } }`),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "bar.json",
+			Data: []byte(`{"ABC": "ghi", "DEF": "jkl"}`),
+		},
+	}, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(c.Groups))
+	require.Equal(t, "default", c.Groups[0].Name)
+	require.Equal(t, []string{"one"}, c.Groups[0].Targets)
+
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(c.Targets))
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[0].Name, "one")
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"a": ptrstr("pre-ghi-jkl")}, c.Targets[0].Args)
+
+	require.Equal(t, c.Targets[1].Name, "two")
+	require.Equal(t, map[string]*string{"b": ptrstr("pre-jkl")}, c.Targets[1].Args)
+}
+
+func TestEmptyVariableJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`{
+	  "variable": {
+	    "VAR": {}
+	  }
+	}`)
+	_, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.json")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestFunctionNoParams(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		function "foo" {
+			result = "bar"
+		}
+		target "foo_target" {
+			args = {
+				test = foo()
+			}
+		}
+		`)
+
+	_, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestFunctionNoResult(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		function "foo" {
+			params = ["a"]
+		}
+		`)
+
+	_, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestVarUnsupportedType(t *testing.T) {
+	dt := []byte(`
+		variable "FOO" {
+			default = []
+		}
+		target "default" {}`)
+
+	t.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
+	_, err := ParseFile(dt, "docker-bake.hcl")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func ptrstr(s interface{}) *string {
+	var n *string = nil
+	if reflect.ValueOf(s).Kind() == reflect.String {
+		ss := s.(string)
+		n = &ss
+	}
+	return n
+}

bake/hclparser/body.go

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+package hclparser
+
+import (
+	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
+)
+
+type filterBody struct {
+	body    hcl.Body
+	schema  *hcl.BodySchema
+	exclude bool
+}
+
+func FilterIncludeBody(body hcl.Body, schema *hcl.BodySchema) hcl.Body {
+	return &filterBody{
+		body:   body,
+		schema: schema,
+	}
+}
+
+func FilterExcludeBody(body hcl.Body, schema *hcl.BodySchema) hcl.Body {
+	return &filterBody{
+		body:    body,
+		schema:  schema,
+		exclude: true,
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *filterBody) Content(schema *hcl.BodySchema) (*hcl.BodyContent, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	if b.exclude {
+		schema = subtractSchemas(schema, b.schema)
+	} else {
+		schema = intersectSchemas(schema, b.schema)
+	}
+	content, _, diag := b.body.PartialContent(schema)
+	return content, diag
+}
+
+func (b *filterBody) PartialContent(schema *hcl.BodySchema) (*hcl.BodyContent, hcl.Body, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	if b.exclude {
+		schema = subtractSchemas(schema, b.schema)
+	} else {
+		schema = intersectSchemas(schema, b.schema)
+	}
+	return b.body.PartialContent(schema)
+}
+
+func (b *filterBody) JustAttributes() (hcl.Attributes, hcl.Diagnostics) {
+	return b.body.JustAttributes()
+}
+
+func (b *filterBody) MissingItemRange() hcl.Range {
+	return b.body.MissingItemRange()
+}
+
+func intersectSchemas(a, b *hcl.BodySchema) *hcl.BodySchema {
+	result := &hcl.BodySchema{}
+	for _, blockA := range a.Blocks {
+		for _, blockB := range b.Blocks {
+			if blockA.Type == blockB.Type {
+				result.Blocks = append(result.Blocks, blockA)
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for _, attrA := range a.Attributes {
+		for _, attrB := range b.Attributes {
+			if attrA.Name == attrB.Name {
+				result.Attributes = append(result.Attributes, attrA)
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func subtractSchemas(a, b *hcl.BodySchema) *hcl.BodySchema {
+	result := &hcl.BodySchema{}
+	for _, blockA := range a.Blocks {
+		found := false
+		for _, blockB := range b.Blocks {
+			if blockA.Type == blockB.Type {
+				found = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !found {
+			result.Blocks = append(result.Blocks, blockA)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, attrA := range a.Attributes {
+		found := false
+		for _, attrB := range b.Attributes {
+			if attrA.Name == attrB.Name {
+				found = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !found {
+			result.Attributes = append(result.Attributes, attrA)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}

bake/hclparser/expr.go

@@ -14,15 +14,7 @@ func funcCalls(exp hcl.Expression) ([]string, hcl.Diagnostics) {
 	if !ok {
 		fns, err := jsonFuncCallsRecursive(exp)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, hcl.Diagnostics{
-				&hcl.Diagnostic{
-					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
-					Summary:  "Invalid expression",
-					Detail:   err.Error(),
-					Subject:  exp.Range().Ptr(),
-					Context:  exp.Range().Ptr(),
-				},
-			}
+			return nil, wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid expression", err, exp.Range().Ptr(), exp.Range().Ptr())
 		}
 		return fns, nil
 	}
@@ -83,11 +75,11 @@ func appendJSONFuncCalls(exp hcl.Expression, m map[string]struct{}) error {
 
 	// hcl/v2/json/ast#stringVal
 	val := src.FieldByName("Value")
-	if val.IsZero() {
+	if !val.IsValid() || val.IsZero() {
 		return nil
 	}
 	rng := src.FieldByName("SrcRange")
-	if val.IsZero() {
+	if rng.IsZero() {
 		return nil
 	}
 	var stringVal struct {

bake/hclparser/hclparser.go

@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/gohcl"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/gocty"
 )
 
 type Opt struct {
-	LookupVar func(string) (string, bool)
-	Vars      map[string]string
+	LookupVar     func(string) (string, bool)
+	Vars          map[string]string
+	ValidateLabel func(string) error
 }
 
 type variable struct {
@@ -47,14 +49,22 @@ type parser struct {
 	attrs map[string]*hcl.Attribute
 	funcs map[string]*functionDef
 
+	blocks      map[string]map[string][]*hcl.Block
+	blockValues map[*hcl.Block]reflect.Value
+	blockTypes  map[string]reflect.Type
+
 	ectx *hcl.EvalContext
 
 	progress  map[string]struct{}
 	progressF map[string]struct{}
+	progressB map[*hcl.Block]map[string]struct{}
 	doneF     map[string]struct{}
+	doneB     map[*hcl.Block]map[string]struct{}
 }
 
-func (p *parser) loadDeps(exp hcl.Expression, exclude map[string]struct{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
+var errUndefined = errors.New("undefined")
+
+func (p *parser) loadDeps(exp hcl.Expression, exclude map[string]struct{}, allowMissing bool) hcl.Diagnostics {
 	fns, hcldiags := funcCalls(exp)
 	if hcldiags.HasErrors() {
 		return hcldiags
@@ -62,15 +72,10 @@ func (p *parser) loadDeps(exp hcl.Expression, exclude map[string]struct{}) hcl.D
 
 	for _, fn := range fns {
 		if err := p.resolveFunction(fn); err != nil {
-			return hcl.Diagnostics{
-				&hcl.Diagnostic{
-					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
-					Summary:  "Invalid expression",
-					Detail:   err.Error(),
-					Subject:  exp.Range().Ptr(),
-					Context:  exp.Range().Ptr(),
-				},
+			if allowMissing && errors.Is(err, errUndefined) {
+				continue
 			}
+			return wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid expression", err, exp.Range().Ptr(), exp.Range().Ptr())
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -78,15 +83,59 @@ func (p *parser) loadDeps(exp hcl.Expression, exclude map[string]struct{}) hcl.D
 		if _, ok := exclude[v.RootName()]; ok {
 			continue
 		}
-		if err := p.resolveValue(v.RootName()); err != nil {
-			return hcl.Diagnostics{
-				&hcl.Diagnostic{
-					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
-					Summary:  "Invalid expression",
-					Detail:   err.Error(),
-					Subject:  v.SourceRange().Ptr(),
-					Context:  v.SourceRange().Ptr(),
-				},
+		if _, ok := p.blockTypes[v.RootName()]; ok {
+			blockType := v.RootName()
+
+			split := v.SimpleSplit().Rel
+			if len(split) == 0 {
+				return hcl.Diagnostics{
+					&hcl.Diagnostic{
+						Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+						Summary:  "Invalid expression",
+						Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("cannot access %s as a variable", blockType),
+						Subject:  exp.Range().Ptr(),
+						Context:  exp.Range().Ptr(),
+					},
+				}
+			}
+			blockName, ok := split[0].(hcl.TraverseAttr)
+			if !ok {
+				return hcl.Diagnostics{
+					&hcl.Diagnostic{
+						Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+						Summary:  "Invalid expression",
+						Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("cannot traverse %s without attribute", blockType),
+						Subject:  exp.Range().Ptr(),
+						Context:  exp.Range().Ptr(),
+					},
+				}
+			}
+			blocks := p.blocks[blockType][blockName.Name]
+			if len(blocks) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			var target *hcl.BodySchema
+			if len(split) > 1 {
+				if attr, ok := split[1].(hcl.TraverseAttr); ok {
+					target = &hcl.BodySchema{
+						Attributes: []hcl.AttributeSchema{{Name: attr.Name}},
+						Blocks:     []hcl.BlockHeaderSchema{{Type: attr.Name}},
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if err := p.resolveBlock(blocks[0], target); err != nil {
+				if allowMissing && errors.Is(err, errUndefined) {
+					continue
+				}
+				return wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid expression", err, exp.Range().Ptr(), exp.Range().Ptr())
+			}
+		} else {
+			if err := p.resolveValue(v.RootName()); err != nil {
+				if allowMissing && errors.Is(err, errUndefined) {
+					continue
+				}
+				return wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid expression", err, exp.Range().Ptr(), exp.Range().Ptr())
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -94,6 +143,8 @@ func (p *parser) loadDeps(exp hcl.Expression, exclude map[string]struct{}) hcl.D
 	return nil
 }
 
+// resolveFunction forces evaluation of a function, storing the result into the
+// parser.
 func (p *parser) resolveFunction(name string) error {
 	if _, ok := p.doneF[name]; ok {
 		return nil
@@ -103,13 +154,20 @@ func (p *parser) resolveFunction(name string) error {
 		if _, ok := p.ectx.Functions[name]; ok {
 			return nil
 		}
-		return errors.Errorf("undefined function %s", name)
+		return errors.Wrapf(errUndefined, "function %q does not exit", name)
 	}
 	if _, ok := p.progressF[name]; ok {
 		return errors.Errorf("function cycle not allowed for %s", name)
 	}
 	p.progressF[name] = struct{}{}
 
+	if f.Result == nil {
+		return errors.Errorf("empty result not allowed for %s", name)
+	}
+	if f.Params == nil {
+		return errors.Errorf("empty params not allowed for %s", name)
+	}
+
 	paramExprs, paramsDiags := hcl.ExprList(f.Params.Expr)
 	if paramsDiags.HasErrors() {
 		return paramsDiags
@@ -146,7 +204,7 @@ func (p *parser) resolveFunction(name string) error {
 		return diags
 	}
 
-	if diags := p.loadDeps(f.Result.Expr, params); diags.HasErrors() {
+	if diags := p.loadDeps(f.Result.Expr, params, false); diags.HasErrors() {
 		return diags
 	}
 
@@ -162,6 +220,8 @@ func (p *parser) resolveFunction(name string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// resolveValue forces evaluation of a named value, storing the result into the
+// parser.
 func (p *parser) resolveValue(name string) (err error) {
 	if _, ok := p.ectx.Variables[name]; ok {
 		return nil
@@ -182,7 +242,7 @@ func (p *parser) resolveValue(name string) (err error) {
 	if _, builtin := p.opt.Vars[name]; !ok && !builtin {
 		vr, ok := p.vars[name]
 		if !ok {
-			return errors.Errorf("undefined variable %q", name)
+			return errors.Wrapf(errUndefined, "variable %q does not exit", name)
 		}
 		def = vr.Default
 	}
@@ -197,7 +257,7 @@ func (p *parser) resolveValue(name string) (err error) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if diags := p.loadDeps(def.Expr, nil); diags.HasErrors() {
+	if diags := p.loadDeps(def.Expr, nil, true); diags.HasErrors() {
 		return diags
 	}
 	vv, diags := def.Expr.Value(p.ectx)
@@ -208,19 +268,16 @@ func (p *parser) resolveValue(name string) (err error) {
 	_, isVar := p.vars[name]
 
 	if envv, ok := p.opt.LookupVar(name); ok && isVar {
-		if vv.Type().Equals(cty.Bool) {
+		switch {
+		case vv.Type().Equals(cty.Bool):
 			b, err := strconv.ParseBool(envv)
 			if err != nil {
 				return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse %s as bool", name)
 			}
-			vv := cty.BoolVal(b)
-			v = &vv
-			return nil
-		} else if vv.Type().Equals(cty.String) {
-			vv := cty.StringVal(envv)
-			v = &vv
-			return nil
-		} else if vv.Type().Equals(cty.Number) {
+			vv = cty.BoolVal(b)
+		case vv.Type().Equals(cty.String), vv.Type().Equals(cty.DynamicPseudoType):
+			vv = cty.StringVal(envv)
+		case vv.Type().Equals(cty.Number):
 			n, err := strconv.ParseFloat(envv, 64)
 			if err == nil && (math.IsNaN(n) || math.IsInf(n, 0)) {
 				err = errors.Errorf("invalid number value")
@@ -228,18 +285,160 @@ func (p *parser) resolveValue(name string) (err error) {
 			if err != nil {
 				return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse %s as number", name)
 			}
-			vv := cty.NumberVal(big.NewFloat(n))
-			v = &vv
-			return nil
-		} else {
+			vv = cty.NumberVal(big.NewFloat(n))
+		default:
 			// TODO: support lists with csv values
-			return errors.Errorf("unsupported type %s for variable %s", v.Type(), name)
+			return errors.Errorf("unsupported type %s for variable %s", vv.Type().FriendlyName(), name)
 		}
 	}
 	v = &vv
 	return nil
 }
 
+// resolveBlock force evaluates a block, storing the result in the parser. If a
+// target schema is provided, only the attributes and blocks present in the
+// schema will be evaluated.
+func (p *parser) resolveBlock(block *hcl.Block, target *hcl.BodySchema) (err error) {
+	name := block.Labels[0]
+	if err := p.opt.ValidateLabel(name); err != nil {
+		return wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid name", err, &block.LabelRanges[0], &block.LabelRanges[0])
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := p.doneB[block]; !ok {
+		p.doneB[block] = map[string]struct{}{}
+	}
+	if _, ok := p.progressB[block]; !ok {
+		p.progressB[block] = map[string]struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	if target != nil {
+		// filter out attributes and blocks that are already evaluated
+		original := target
+		target = &hcl.BodySchema{}
+		for _, a := range original.Attributes {
+			if _, ok := p.doneB[block][a.Name]; !ok {
+				target.Attributes = append(target.Attributes, a)
+			}
+		}
+		for _, b := range original.Blocks {
+			if _, ok := p.doneB[block][b.Type]; !ok {
+				target.Blocks = append(target.Blocks, b)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(target.Attributes) == 0 && len(target.Blocks) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if target != nil {
+		// detect reference cycles
+		for _, a := range target.Attributes {
+			if _, ok := p.progressB[block][a.Name]; ok {
+				return errors.Errorf("reference cycle not allowed for %s.%s.%s", block.Type, name, a.Name)
+			}
+		}
+		for _, b := range target.Blocks {
+			if _, ok := p.progressB[block][b.Type]; ok {
+				return errors.Errorf("reference cycle not allowed for %s.%s.%s", block.Type, name, b.Type)
+			}
+		}
+		for _, a := range target.Attributes {
+			p.progressB[block][a.Name] = struct{}{}
+		}
+		for _, b := range target.Blocks {
+			p.progressB[block][b.Type] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// create a filtered body that contains only the target properties
+	body := func() hcl.Body {
+		if target != nil {
+			return FilterIncludeBody(block.Body, target)
+		}
+
+		filter := &hcl.BodySchema{}
+		for k := range p.doneB[block] {
+			filter.Attributes = append(filter.Attributes, hcl.AttributeSchema{Name: k})
+			filter.Blocks = append(filter.Blocks, hcl.BlockHeaderSchema{Type: k})
+		}
+		return FilterExcludeBody(block.Body, filter)
+	}
+
+	// load dependencies from all targeted properties
+	t, ok := p.blockTypes[block.Type]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	schema, _ := gohcl.ImpliedBodySchema(reflect.New(t).Interface())
+	content, _, diag := body().PartialContent(schema)
+	if diag.HasErrors() {
+		return diag
+	}
+	for _, a := range content.Attributes {
+		diag := p.loadDeps(a.Expr, nil, true)
+		if diag.HasErrors() {
+			return diag
+		}
+	}
+	for _, b := range content.Blocks {
+		err := p.resolveBlock(b, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// decode!
+	var output reflect.Value
+	if prev, ok := p.blockValues[block]; ok {
+		output = prev
+	} else {
+		output = reflect.New(t)
+		setLabel(output, block.Labels[0]) // early attach labels, so we can reference them
+	}
+	diag = gohcl.DecodeBody(body(), p.ectx, output.Interface())
+	if diag.HasErrors() {
+		return diag
+	}
+	p.blockValues[block] = output
+
+	// mark all targeted properties as done
+	for _, a := range content.Attributes {
+		p.doneB[block][a.Name] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, b := range content.Blocks {
+		p.doneB[block][b.Type] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	if target != nil {
+		for _, a := range target.Attributes {
+			p.doneB[block][a.Name] = struct{}{}
+		}
+		for _, b := range target.Blocks {
+			p.doneB[block][b.Type] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// store the result into the evaluation context (so if can be referenced)
+	outputType, err := gocty.ImpliedType(output.Interface())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	outputValue, err := gocty.ToCtyValue(output.Interface(), outputType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var m map[string]cty.Value
+	if m2, ok := p.ectx.Variables[block.Type]; ok {
+		m = m2.AsValueMap()
+	}
+	if m == nil {
+		m = map[string]cty.Value{}
+	}
+	m[name] = outputValue
+	p.ectx.Variables[block.Type] = cty.MapVal(m)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 	reserved := map[string]struct{}{}
 	schema, _ := gohcl.ImpliedBodySchema(val)
@@ -255,6 +454,7 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 	if err := gohcl.DecodeBody(b, nil, &defs); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	defsSchema, _ := gohcl.ImpliedBodySchema(defs)
 
 	if opt.LookupVar == nil {
 		opt.LookupVar = func(string) (string, bool) {
@@ -262,6 +462,12 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if opt.ValidateLabel == nil {
+		opt.ValidateLabel = func(string) error {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
 	p := &parser{
 		opt: opt,
 
@@ -269,9 +475,16 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 		attrs: map[string]*hcl.Attribute{},
 		funcs: map[string]*functionDef{},
 
+		blocks:      map[string]map[string][]*hcl.Block{},
+		blockValues: map[*hcl.Block]reflect.Value{},
+		blockTypes:  map[string]reflect.Type{},
+
 		progress:  map[string]struct{}{},
 		progressF: map[string]struct{}{},
-		doneF:     map[string]struct{}{},
+		progressB: map[*hcl.Block]map[string]struct{}{},
+
+		doneF: map[string]struct{}{},
+		doneB: map[*hcl.Block]map[string]struct{}{},
 		ectx: &hcl.EvalContext{
 			Variables: map[string]cty.Value{},
 			Functions: stdlibFunctions,
@@ -293,12 +506,20 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 		p.funcs[v.Name] = v
 	}
 
+	content, b, diags := b.PartialContent(schema)
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		return diags
+	}
+
+	blocks, b, diags := b.PartialContent(defsSchema)
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		return diags
+	}
+
 	attrs, diags := b.JustAttributes()
 	if diags.HasErrors() {
-		for _, d := range diags {
-			if d.Detail != "Blocks are not allowed here." {
-				return diags
-			}
+		if d := removeAttributesDiags(diags, reserved, p.vars); len(d) > 0 {
+			return d
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -314,63 +535,6 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 		_ = p.resolveValue(k)
 	}
 
-	for k := range p.attrs {
-		if err := p.resolveValue(k); err != nil {
-			if diags, ok := err.(hcl.Diagnostics); ok {
-				return diags
-			}
-			return hcl.Diagnostics{
-				&hcl.Diagnostic{
-					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
-					Summary:  "Invalid attribute",
-					Detail:   err.Error(),
-					Subject:  &p.attrs[k].Range,
-					Context:  &p.attrs[k].Range,
-				},
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	for k := range p.vars {
-		if err := p.resolveValue(k); err != nil {
-			if diags, ok := err.(hcl.Diagnostics); ok {
-				return diags
-			}
-			r := p.vars[k].Body.MissingItemRange()
-			return hcl.Diagnostics{
-				&hcl.Diagnostic{
-					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
-					Summary:  "Invalid value",
-					Detail:   err.Error(),
-					Subject:  &r,
-					Context:  &r,
-				},
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	for k := range p.funcs {
-		if err := p.resolveFunction(k); err != nil {
-			if diags, ok := err.(hcl.Diagnostics); ok {
-				return diags
-			}
-			return hcl.Diagnostics{
-				&hcl.Diagnostic{
-					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
-					Summary:  "Invalid function",
-					Detail:   err.Error(),
-					Subject:  &p.funcs[k].Params.Range,
-					Context:  &p.funcs[k].Params.Range,
-				},
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	content, _, diags := b.PartialContent(schema)
-	if diags.HasErrors() {
-		return diags
-	}
-
 	for _, a := range content.Attributes {
 		return hcl.Diagnostics{
 			&hcl.Diagnostic{
@@ -383,7 +547,39 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 		}
 	}
 
-	m := map[string]map[string][]*hcl.Block{}
+	for k := range p.vars {
+		if err := p.resolveValue(k); err != nil {
+			if diags, ok := err.(hcl.Diagnostics); ok {
+				return diags
+			}
+			r := p.vars[k].Body.MissingItemRange()
+			return wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid value", err, &r, &r)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for k := range p.funcs {
+		if err := p.resolveFunction(k); err != nil {
+			if diags, ok := err.(hcl.Diagnostics); ok {
+				return diags
+			}
+			var subject *hcl.Range
+			var context *hcl.Range
+			if p.funcs[k].Params != nil {
+				subject = &p.funcs[k].Params.Range
+				context = subject
+			} else {
+				for _, block := range blocks.Blocks {
+					if block.Type == "function" && len(block.Labels) == 1 && block.Labels[0] == k {
+						subject = &block.LabelRanges[0]
+						context = &block.DefRange
+						break
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid function", err, subject, context)
+		}
+	}
+
 	for _, b := range content.Blocks {
 		if len(b.Labels) == 0 || len(b.Labels) > 1 {
 			return hcl.Diagnostics{
@@ -396,19 +592,16 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 				},
 			}
 		}
-		bm, ok := m[b.Type]
+		bm, ok := p.blocks[b.Type]
 		if !ok {
 			bm = map[string][]*hcl.Block{}
-			m[b.Type] = bm
+			p.blocks[b.Type] = bm
 		}
 
 		lbl := b.Labels[0]
 		bm[lbl] = append(bm[lbl], b)
 	}
 
-	vt := reflect.ValueOf(val).Elem().Type()
-	numFields := vt.NumField()
-
 	type value struct {
 		reflect.Value
 		idx int
@@ -420,9 +613,11 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 	}
 	types := map[string]field{}
 
-	for i := 0; i < numFields; i++ {
+	vt := reflect.ValueOf(val).Elem().Type()
+	for i := 0; i < vt.NumField(); i++ {
 		tags := strings.Split(vt.Field(i).Tag.Get("hcl"), ",")
 
+		p.blockTypes[tags[0]] = vt.Field(i).Type.Elem().Elem()
 		types[tags[0]] = field{
 			idx:    i,
 			typ:    vt.Field(i).Type,
@@ -434,18 +629,21 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 	for _, b := range content.Blocks {
 		v := reflect.ValueOf(val)
 
-		t, ok := types[b.Type]
-		if !ok {
-			continue
+		err := p.resolveBlock(b, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			if diag, ok := err.(hcl.Diagnostics); ok {
+				if diag.HasErrors() {
+					diags = append(diags, diag...)
+					continue
+				}
+			} else {
+				return wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid block", err, &b.LabelRanges[0], &b.DefRange)
+			}
 		}
 
-		vv := reflect.New(t.typ.Elem().Elem())
-		diag := gohcl.DecodeBody(b.Body, p.ectx, vv.Interface())
-		if diag.HasErrors() {
-			diags = append(diags, diag...)
-			continue
-		}
+		vv := p.blockValues[b]
 
+		t := types[b.Type]
 		lblIndex := setLabel(vv, b.Labels[0])
 
 		oldValue, exists := t.values[b.Labels[0]]
@@ -459,7 +657,6 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 					}
 				}
 			}
-
 		}
 		if exists {
 			if m := oldValue.Value.MethodByName("Merge"); m.IsValid() {
@@ -480,9 +677,39 @@ func Parse(b hcl.Body, opt Opt, val interface{}) hcl.Diagnostics {
 		return diags
 	}
 
+	for k := range p.attrs {
+		if err := p.resolveValue(k); err != nil {
+			if diags, ok := err.(hcl.Diagnostics); ok {
+				return diags
+			}
+			return wrapErrorDiagnostic("Invalid attribute", err, &p.attrs[k].Range, &p.attrs[k].Range)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
+// wrapErrorDiagnostic wraps an error into a hcl.Diagnostics object.
+// If the error is already an hcl.Diagnostics object, it is returned as is.
+func wrapErrorDiagnostic(message string, err error, subject *hcl.Range, context *hcl.Range) hcl.Diagnostics {
+	switch err := err.(type) {
+	case *hcl.Diagnostic:
+		return hcl.Diagnostics{err}
+	case hcl.Diagnostics:
+		return err
+	default:
+		return hcl.Diagnostics{
+			&hcl.Diagnostic{
+				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+				Summary:  message,
+				Detail:   err.Error(),
+				Subject:  subject,
+				Context:  context,
+			},
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func setLabel(v reflect.Value, lbl string) int {
 	// cache field index?
 	numFields := v.Elem().Type().NumField()
@@ -496,3 +723,33 @@ func setLabel(v reflect.Value, lbl string) int {
 	}
 	return -1
 }
+
+func removeAttributesDiags(diags hcl.Diagnostics, reserved map[string]struct{}, vars map[string]*variable) hcl.Diagnostics {
+	var fdiags hcl.Diagnostics
+	for _, d := range diags {
+		if fout := func(d *hcl.Diagnostic) bool {
+			// https://github.com/docker/buildx/pull/541
+			if d.Detail == "Blocks are not allowed here." {
+				return true
+			}
+			for r := range reserved {
+				// JSON body objects don't handle repeated blocks like HCL but
+				// reserved name attributes should be allowed when multi bodies are merged.
+				// https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/blob/main/json/spec.md#blocks
+				if strings.HasPrefix(d.Detail, fmt.Sprintf(`Argument "%s" was already set at `, r)) {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
+			for v := range vars {
+				// Do the same for global variables
+				if strings.HasPrefix(d.Detail, fmt.Sprintf(`Argument "%s" was already set at `, v)) {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
+			return false
+		}(d); !fout {
+			fdiags = append(fdiags, d)
+		}
+	}
+	return fdiags
+}

bake/hclparser/stdlib.go

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 package hclparser
 
 import (
+	"time"
+
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs/cidr"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs/crypto"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs/encoding"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-cty-funcs/uuid"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/ext/tryfunc"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/ext/typeexpr"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/function"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/function/stdlib"
 )
@@ -96,6 +99,7 @@ var stdlibFunctions = map[string]function.Function{
 	"substr":                 stdlib.SubstrFunc,
 	"subtract":               stdlib.SubtractFunc,
 	"timeadd":                stdlib.TimeAddFunc,
+	"timestamp":              timestampFunc,
 	"title":                  stdlib.TitleFunc,
 	"trim":                   stdlib.TrimFunc,
 	"trimprefix":             stdlib.TrimPrefixFunc,
@@ -109,3 +113,14 @@ var stdlibFunctions = map[string]function.Function{
 	"values":                 stdlib.ValuesFunc,
 	"zipmap":                 stdlib.ZipmapFunc,
 }
+
+// timestampFunc constructs a function that returns a string representation of the current date and time.
+//
+// This function was imported from terraform's datetime utilities.
+var timestampFunc = function.New(&function.Spec{
+	Params: []function.Parameter{},
+	Type:   function.StaticReturnType(cty.String),
+	Impl: func(args []cty.Value, retType cty.Type) (cty.Value, error) {
+		return cty.StringVal(time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)), nil
+	},
+})

bake/remote.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@ type Input struct {
 	URL   string
 }
 
-func ReadRemoteFiles(ctx context.Context, dis []build.DriverInfo, url string, names []string, pw progress.Writer) ([]File, *Input, error) {
-	st, filename, ok := detectHTTPContext(url)
+func ReadRemoteFiles(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, url string, names []string, pw progress.Writer) ([]File, *Input, error) {
+	var filename string
+	st, ok := detectGitContext(url)
 	if !ok {
-		st, ok = detectGitContext(url)
+		st, filename, ok = detectHTTPContext(url)
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("not url context")
 		}
@@ -32,18 +33,18 @@ func ReadRemoteFiles(ctx context.Context, dis []build.DriverInfo, url string, na
 	inp := &Input{State: st, URL: url}
 	var files []File
 
-	var di *build.DriverInfo
-	for _, d := range dis {
-		if d.Err == nil {
-			di = &d
+	var node *builder.Node
+	for i, n := range nodes {
+		if n.Err == nil {
+			node = &nodes[i]
 			continue
 		}
 	}
-	if di == nil {
+	if node == nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil
 	}
 
-	c, err := driver.Boot(ctx, ctx, di.Driver, pw)
+	c, err := driver.Boot(ctx, ctx, node.Driver, pw)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}

build/git.go

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/gitutil"
+	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+const DockerfileLabel = "com.docker.image.source.entrypoint"
+
+func getGitAttributes(ctx context.Context, contextPath string, dockerfilePath string) (res map[string]string, _ error) {
+	res = make(map[string]string)
+	if contextPath == "" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	setGitLabels := false
+	if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_GIT_LABELS"); ok {
+		if v == "full" { // backward compatibility with old "full" mode
+			setGitLabels = true
+		} else if v, err := strconv.ParseBool(v); err == nil {
+			setGitLabels = v
+		}
+	}
+	setGitInfo := true
+	if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_GIT_INFO"); ok {
+		if v, err := strconv.ParseBool(v); err == nil {
+			setGitInfo = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !setGitLabels && !setGitInfo {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// figure out in which directory the git command needs to run in
+	var wd string
+	if filepath.IsAbs(contextPath) {
+		wd = contextPath
+	} else {
+		cwd, _ := os.Getwd()
+		wd, _ = filepath.Abs(filepath.Join(cwd, contextPath))
+	}
+
+	gitc, err := gitutil.New(gitutil.WithContext(ctx), gitutil.WithWorkingDir(wd))
+	if err != nil {
+		if st, err := os.Stat(path.Join(wd, ".git")); err == nil && st.IsDir() {
+			return res, errors.New("buildx: git was not found in the system. Current commit information was not captured by the build")
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	if !gitc.IsInsideWorkTree() {
+		if st, err := os.Stat(path.Join(wd, ".git")); err == nil && st.IsDir() {
+			return res, errors.New("buildx: failed to read current commit information with git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree")
+		}
+		return res, nil
+	}
+
+	if sha, err := gitc.FullCommit(); err != nil && !gitutil.IsUnknownRevision(err) {
+		return res, errors.Wrapf(err, "buildx: failed to get git commit")
+	} else if sha != "" {
+		checkDirty := false
+		if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_GIT_CHECK_DIRTY"); ok {
+			if v, err := strconv.ParseBool(v); err == nil {
+				checkDirty = v
+			}
+		}
+		if checkDirty && gitc.IsDirty() {
+			sha += "-dirty"
+		}
+		if setGitLabels {
+			res["label:"+specs.AnnotationRevision] = sha
+		}
+		if setGitInfo {
+			res["vcs:revision"] = sha
+		}
+	}
+
+	if rurl, err := gitc.RemoteURL(); err == nil && rurl != "" {
+		if setGitLabels {
+			res["label:"+specs.AnnotationSource] = rurl
+		}
+		if setGitInfo {
+			res["vcs:source"] = rurl
+		}
+	}
+
+	if setGitLabels {
+		if root, err := gitc.RootDir(); err != nil {
+			return res, errors.Wrapf(err, "buildx: failed to get git root dir")
+		} else if root != "" {
+			if dockerfilePath == "" {
+				dockerfilePath = filepath.Join(wd, "Dockerfile")
+			}
+			if !filepath.IsAbs(dockerfilePath) {
+				cwd, _ := os.Getwd()
+				dockerfilePath = filepath.Join(cwd, dockerfilePath)
+			}
+			dockerfilePath, _ = filepath.Rel(root, dockerfilePath)
+			if !strings.HasPrefix(dockerfilePath, "..") {
+				res["label:"+DockerfileLabel] = dockerfilePath
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}

build/git_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+package build
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/gitutil"
+	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func setupTest(tb testing.TB) {
+	gitutil.Mktmp(tb)
+
+	c, err := gitutil.New()
+	require.NoError(tb, err)
+	gitutil.GitInit(c, tb)
+
+	df := []byte("FROM alpine:latest\n")
+	assert.NoError(tb, os.WriteFile("Dockerfile", df, 0644))
+
+	gitutil.GitAdd(c, tb, "Dockerfile")
+	gitutil.GitCommit(c, tb, "initial commit")
+	gitutil.GitSetRemote(c, tb, "origin", "git@github.com:docker/buildx.git")
+}
+
+func TestGetGitAttributesNotGitRepo(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), t.TempDir(), "Dockerfile")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestGetGitAttributesBadGitRepo(t *testing.T) {
+	tmp := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(path.Join(tmp, ".git"), 0755))
+
+	_, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), tmp, "Dockerfile")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestGetGitAttributesNoContext(t *testing.T) {
+	setupTest(t)
+
+	gitattrs, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), "", "Dockerfile")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, gitattrs)
+}
+
+func TestGetGitAttributes(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name         string
+		envGitLabels string
+		envGitInfo   string
+		expected     []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:         "default",
+			envGitLabels: "",
+			envGitInfo:   "",
+			expected: []string{
+				"vcs:revision",
+				"vcs:source",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "none",
+			envGitLabels: "false",
+			envGitInfo:   "false",
+			expected:     []string{},
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "gitinfo",
+			envGitLabels: "false",
+			envGitInfo:   "true",
+			expected: []string{
+				"vcs:revision",
+				"vcs:source",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "gitlabels",
+			envGitLabels: "true",
+			envGitInfo:   "false",
+			expected: []string{
+				"label:" + DockerfileLabel,
+				"label:" + specs.AnnotationRevision,
+				"label:" + specs.AnnotationSource,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "both",
+			envGitLabels: "true",
+			envGitInfo:   "",
+			expected: []string{
+				"label:" + DockerfileLabel,
+				"label:" + specs.AnnotationRevision,
+				"label:" + specs.AnnotationSource,
+				"vcs:revision",
+				"vcs:source",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		tt := tt
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			setupTest(t)
+			if tt.envGitLabels != "" {
+				t.Setenv("BUILDX_GIT_LABELS", tt.envGitLabels)
+			}
+			if tt.envGitInfo != "" {
+				t.Setenv("BUILDX_GIT_INFO", tt.envGitInfo)
+			}
+			gitattrs, err := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), ".", "Dockerfile")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			for _, e := range tt.expected {
+				assert.Contains(t, gitattrs, e)
+				assert.NotEmpty(t, gitattrs[e])
+				if e == "label:"+DockerfileLabel {
+					assert.Equal(t, "Dockerfile", gitattrs[e])
+				} else if e == "label:"+specs.AnnotationSource || e == "vcs:source" {
+					assert.Equal(t, "git@github.com:docker/buildx.git", gitattrs[e])
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetGitAttributesDirty(t *testing.T) {
+	setupTest(t)
+	t.Setenv("BUILDX_GIT_CHECK_DIRTY", "true")
+
+	// make a change to test dirty flag
+	df := []byte("FROM alpine:edge\n")
+	require.NoError(t, os.Mkdir("dir", 0755))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join("dir", "Dockerfile"), df, 0644))
+
+	t.Setenv("BUILDX_GIT_LABELS", "true")
+	gitattrs, _ := getGitAttributes(context.Background(), ".", "Dockerfile")
+	assert.Equal(t, 5, len(gitattrs))
+
+	assert.Contains(t, gitattrs, "label:"+DockerfileLabel)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Dockerfile", gitattrs["label:"+DockerfileLabel])
+	assert.Contains(t, gitattrs, "label:"+specs.AnnotationSource)
+	assert.Equal(t, "git@github.com:docker/buildx.git", gitattrs["label:"+specs.AnnotationSource])
+	assert.Contains(t, gitattrs, "label:"+specs.AnnotationRevision)
+	assert.True(t, strings.HasSuffix(gitattrs["label:"+specs.AnnotationRevision], "-dirty"))
+
+	assert.Contains(t, gitattrs, "vcs:source")
+	assert.Equal(t, "git@github.com:docker/buildx.git", gitattrs["vcs:source"])
+	assert.Contains(t, gitattrs, "vcs:revision")
+	assert.True(t, strings.HasSuffix(gitattrs["vcs:revision"], "-dirty"))
+}

build/url.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package build
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ func createTempDockerfileFromURL(ctx context.Context, d driver.Driver, url strin
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "buildx")
+		dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "buildx")
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		if err := ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "Dockerfile"), dt, 0600); err != nil {
+		if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "Dockerfile"), dt, 0600); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		out = dir

build/utils.go

@@ -7,11 +7,18 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
 
-// archiveHeaderSize is the number of bytes in an archive header
-const archiveHeaderSize = 512
+const (
+	// archiveHeaderSize is the number of bytes in an archive header
+	archiveHeaderSize = 512
+	// mobyHostGatewayName defines a special string which users can append to
+	// --add-host to add an extra entry in /etc/hosts that maps
+	// host.docker.internal to the host IP
+	mobyHostGatewayName = "host-gateway"
+)
 
 func isLocalDir(c string) bool {
 	st, err := os.Stat(c)
@@ -38,18 +45,35 @@ func isArchive(header []byte) bool {
 }
 
 // toBuildkitExtraHosts converts hosts from docker key:value format to buildkit's csv format
-func toBuildkitExtraHosts(inp []string) (string, error) {
+func toBuildkitExtraHosts(inp []string, mobyDriver bool) (string, error) {
 	if len(inp) == 0 {
 		return "", nil
 	}
 	hosts := make([]string, 0, len(inp))
 	for _, h := range inp {
-		parts := strings.Split(h, ":")
-
-		if len(parts) != 2 || parts[0] == "" || net.ParseIP(parts[1]) == nil {
+		host, ip, ok := strings.Cut(h, ":")
+		if !ok || host == "" || ip == "" {
 			return "", errors.Errorf("invalid host %s", h)
 		}
-		hosts = append(hosts, parts[0]+"="+parts[1])
+		// Skip IP address validation for "host-gateway" string with moby driver
+		if !mobyDriver || ip != mobyHostGatewayName {
+			if net.ParseIP(ip) == nil {
+				return "", errors.Errorf("invalid host %s", h)
+			}
+		}
+		hosts = append(hosts, host+"="+ip)
 	}
 	return strings.Join(hosts, ","), nil
 }
+
+// toBuildkitUlimits converts ulimits from docker type=soft:hard format to buildkit's csv format
+func toBuildkitUlimits(inp *opts.UlimitOpt) (string, error) {
+	if inp == nil || len(inp.GetList()) == 0 {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	ulimits := make([]string, 0, len(inp.GetList()))
+	for _, ulimit := range inp.GetList() {
+		ulimits = append(ulimits, ulimit.String())
+	}
+	return strings.Join(ulimits, ","), nil
+}

builder/builder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+package builder
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/dockerutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+// Builder represents an active builder object
+type Builder struct {
+	*store.NodeGroup
+	driverFactory driverFactory
+	nodes         []Node
+	opts          builderOpts
+	err           error
+}
+
+type builderOpts struct {
+	dockerCli       command.Cli
+	name            string
+	txn             *store.Txn
+	contextPathHash string
+	validate        bool
+}
+
+// Option provides a variadic option for configuring the builder.
+type Option func(b *Builder)
+
+// WithName sets builder name.
+func WithName(name string) Option {
+	return func(b *Builder) {
+		b.opts.name = name
+	}
+}
+
+// WithStore sets a store instance used at init.
+func WithStore(txn *store.Txn) Option {
+	return func(b *Builder) {
+		b.opts.txn = txn
+	}
+}
+
+// WithContextPathHash is used for determining pods in k8s driver instance.
+func WithContextPathHash(contextPathHash string) Option {
+	return func(b *Builder) {
+		b.opts.contextPathHash = contextPathHash
+	}
+}
+
+// WithSkippedValidation skips builder context validation.
+func WithSkippedValidation() Option {
+	return func(b *Builder) {
+		b.opts.validate = false
+	}
+}
+
+// New initializes a new builder client
+func New(dockerCli command.Cli, opts ...Option) (_ *Builder, err error) {
+	b := &Builder{
+		opts: builderOpts{
+			dockerCli: dockerCli,
+			validate:  true,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		opt(b)
+	}
+
+	if b.opts.txn == nil {
+		// if store instance is nil we create a short-lived one using the
+		// default store and ensure we release it on completion
+		var release func()
+		b.opts.txn, release, err = storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		defer release()
+	}
+
+	if b.opts.name != "" {
+		if b.NodeGroup, err = storeutil.GetNodeGroup(b.opts.txn, dockerCli, b.opts.name); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		if b.NodeGroup, err = storeutil.GetCurrentInstance(b.opts.txn, dockerCli); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if b.opts.validate {
+		if err = b.Validate(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return b, nil
+}
+
+// Validate validates builder context
+func (b *Builder) Validate() error {
+	if b.NodeGroup.DockerContext {
+		list, err := b.opts.dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		currentContext := b.opts.dockerCli.CurrentContext()
+		for _, l := range list {
+			if l.Name == b.Name && l.Name != currentContext {
+				return errors.Errorf("use `docker --context=%s buildx` to switch to context %q", l.Name, l.Name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ContextName returns builder context name if available.
+func (b *Builder) ContextName() string {
+	ctxbuilders, err := b.opts.dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	for _, cb := range ctxbuilders {
+		if b.NodeGroup.Driver == "docker" && len(b.NodeGroup.Nodes) == 1 && b.NodeGroup.Nodes[0].Endpoint == cb.Name {
+			return cb.Name
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// ImageOpt returns registry auth configuration
+func (b *Builder) ImageOpt() (imagetools.Opt, error) {
+	return storeutil.GetImageConfig(b.opts.dockerCli, b.NodeGroup)
+}
+
+// Boot bootstrap a builder
+func (b *Builder) Boot(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
+	toBoot := make([]int, 0, len(b.nodes))
+	for idx, d := range b.nodes {
+		if d.Err != nil || d.Driver == nil || d.DriverInfo == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if d.DriverInfo.Status != driver.Running {
+			toBoot = append(toBoot, idx)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(toBoot) == 0 {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, os.Stderr, progress.PrinterModeAuto)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	baseCtx := ctx
+	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	for _, idx := range toBoot {
+		func(idx int) {
+			eg.Go(func() error {
+				pw := progress.WithPrefix(printer, b.NodeGroup.Nodes[idx].Name, len(toBoot) > 1)
+				_, err := driver.Boot(ctx, baseCtx, b.nodes[idx].Driver, pw)
+				if err != nil {
+					b.nodes[idx].Err = err
+				}
+				return nil
+			})
+		}(idx)
+	}
+
+	err = eg.Wait()
+	err1 := printer.Wait()
+	if err == nil {
+		err = err1
+	}
+
+	return true, err
+}
+
+// Inactive checks if all nodes are inactive for this builder.
+func (b *Builder) Inactive() bool {
+	for _, d := range b.nodes {
+		if d.DriverInfo != nil && d.DriverInfo.Status == driver.Running {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Err returns error if any.
+func (b *Builder) Err() error {
+	return b.err
+}
+
+type driverFactory struct {
+	driver.Factory
+	once sync.Once
+}
+
+// Factory returns the driver factory.
+func (b *Builder) Factory(ctx context.Context) (_ driver.Factory, err error) {
+	b.driverFactory.once.Do(func() {
+		if b.Driver != "" {
+			b.driverFactory.Factory, err = driver.GetFactory(b.Driver, true)
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		} else {
+			// empty driver means nodegroup was implicitly created as a default
+			// driver for a docker context and allows falling back to a
+			// docker-container driver for older daemon that doesn't support
+			// buildkit (< 18.06).
+			ep := b.NodeGroup.Nodes[0].Endpoint
+			var dockerapi *dockerutil.ClientAPI
+			dockerapi, err = dockerutil.NewClientAPI(b.opts.dockerCli, b.NodeGroup.Nodes[0].Endpoint)
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			// check if endpoint is healthy is needed to determine the driver type.
+			// if this fails then can't continue with driver selection.
+			if _, err = dockerapi.Ping(ctx); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			b.driverFactory.Factory, err = driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, ep, dockerapi, false)
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			b.Driver = b.driverFactory.Factory.Name()
+		}
+	})
+	return b.driverFactory.Factory, err
+}
+
+// GetBuilders returns all builders
+func GetBuilders(dockerCli command.Cli, txn *store.Txn) ([]*Builder, error) {
+	storeng, err := txn.List()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	builders := make([]*Builder, len(storeng))
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for i, ng := range storeng {
+		b, err := New(dockerCli,
+			WithName(ng.Name),
+			WithStore(txn),
+			WithSkippedValidation(),
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		builders[i] = b
+		seen[b.NodeGroup.Name] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	contexts, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	sort.Slice(contexts, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return contexts[i].Name < contexts[j].Name
+	})
+
+	for _, c := range contexts {
+		// if a context has the same name as an instance from the store, do not
+		// add it to the builders list. An instance from the store takes
+		// precedence over context builders.
+		if _, ok := seen[c.Name]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		b, err := New(dockerCli,
+			WithName(c.Name),
+			WithStore(txn),
+			WithSkippedValidation(),
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		builders = append(builders, b)
+	}
+
+	return builders, nil
+}

builder/node.go

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+package builder
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	ctxkube "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes/context"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/dockerutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/grpcerrors"
+	ocispecs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+)
+
+type Node struct {
+	store.Node
+	Driver      driver.Driver
+	DriverInfo  *driver.Info
+	Platforms   []ocispecs.Platform
+	ImageOpt    imagetools.Opt
+	ProxyConfig map[string]string
+	Version     string
+	Err         error
+}
+
+// Nodes returns nodes for this builder.
+func (b *Builder) Nodes() []Node {
+	return b.nodes
+}
+
+// LoadNodes loads and returns nodes for this builder.
+// TODO: this should be a method on a Node object and lazy load data for each driver.
+func (b *Builder) LoadNodes(ctx context.Context, withData bool) (_ []Node, err error) {
+	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	b.nodes = make([]Node, len(b.NodeGroup.Nodes))
+
+	defer func() {
+		if b.err == nil && err != nil {
+			b.err = err
+		}
+	}()
+
+	factory, err := b.Factory(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	imageopt, err := b.ImageOpt()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	for i, n := range b.NodeGroup.Nodes {
+		func(i int, n store.Node) {
+			eg.Go(func() error {
+				node := Node{
+					Node:        n,
+					ProxyConfig: storeutil.GetProxyConfig(b.opts.dockerCli),
+					Platforms:   n.Platforms,
+				}
+				defer func() {
+					b.nodes[i] = node
+				}()
+
+				dockerapi, err := dockerutil.NewClientAPI(b.opts.dockerCli, n.Endpoint)
+				if err != nil {
+					node.Err = err
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				contextStore := b.opts.dockerCli.ContextStore()
+
+				var kcc driver.KubeClientConfig
+				kcc, err = ctxkube.ConfigFromContext(n.Endpoint, contextStore)
+				if err != nil {
+					// err is returned if n.Endpoint is non-context name like "unix:///var/run/docker.sock".
+					// try again with name="default".
+					// FIXME(@AkihiroSuda): n should retain real context name.
+					kcc, err = ctxkube.ConfigFromContext("default", contextStore)
+					if err != nil {
+						logrus.Error(err)
+					}
+				}
+
+				tryToUseKubeConfigInCluster := false
+				if kcc == nil {
+					tryToUseKubeConfigInCluster = true
+				} else {
+					if _, err := kcc.ClientConfig(); err != nil {
+						tryToUseKubeConfigInCluster = true
+					}
+				}
+				if tryToUseKubeConfigInCluster {
+					kccInCluster := driver.KubeClientConfigInCluster{}
+					if _, err := kccInCluster.ClientConfig(); err == nil {
+						logrus.Debug("using kube config in cluster")
+						kcc = kccInCluster
+					}
+				}
+
+				d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, "buildx_buildkit_"+n.Name, factory, n.Endpoint, dockerapi, imageopt.Auth, kcc, n.Flags, n.Files, n.DriverOpts, n.Platforms, b.opts.contextPathHash)
+				if err != nil {
+					node.Err = err
+					return nil
+				}
+				node.Driver = d
+				node.ImageOpt = imageopt
+
+				if withData {
+					if err := node.loadData(ctx); err != nil {
+						node.Err = err
+					}
+				}
+				return nil
+			})
+		}(i, n)
+	}
+
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// TODO: This should be done in the routine loading driver data
+	if withData {
+		kubernetesDriverCount := 0
+		for _, d := range b.nodes {
+			if d.DriverInfo != nil && len(d.DriverInfo.DynamicNodes) > 0 {
+				kubernetesDriverCount++
+			}
+		}
+
+		isAllKubernetesDrivers := len(b.nodes) == kubernetesDriverCount
+		if isAllKubernetesDrivers {
+			var nodes []Node
+			var dynamicNodes []store.Node
+			for _, di := range b.nodes {
+				// dynamic nodes are used in Kubernetes driver.
+				// Kubernetes' pods are dynamically mapped to BuildKit Nodes.
+				if di.DriverInfo != nil && len(di.DriverInfo.DynamicNodes) > 0 {
+					for i := 0; i < len(di.DriverInfo.DynamicNodes); i++ {
+						diClone := di
+						if pl := di.DriverInfo.DynamicNodes[i].Platforms; len(pl) > 0 {
+							diClone.Platforms = pl
+						}
+						nodes = append(nodes, di)
+					}
+					dynamicNodes = append(dynamicNodes, di.DriverInfo.DynamicNodes...)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// not append (remove the static nodes in the store)
+			b.NodeGroup.Nodes = dynamicNodes
+			b.nodes = nodes
+			b.NodeGroup.Dynamic = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return b.nodes, nil
+}
+
+func (n *Node) loadData(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if n.Driver == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	info, err := n.Driver.Info(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	n.DriverInfo = info
+	if n.DriverInfo.Status == driver.Running {
+		driverClient, err := n.Driver.Client(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		workers, err := driverClient.ListWorkers(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "listing workers")
+		}
+		for _, w := range workers {
+			n.Platforms = append(n.Platforms, w.Platforms...)
+		}
+		n.Platforms = platformutil.Dedupe(n.Platforms)
+		inf, err := driverClient.Info(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			if st, ok := grpcerrors.AsGRPCStatus(err); ok && st.Code() == codes.Unimplemented {
+				n.Version, err = n.Driver.Version(ctx)
+				if err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrap(err, "getting version")
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			n.Version = inf.BuildkitVersion.Version
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

cmd/buildx/main.go

@@ -15,13 +15,8 @@ import (
 	cliflags "github.com/docker/cli/cli/flags"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/stack"
-	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect"
-	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
 
-	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect/delegated"
-	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/env"
-
-	// FIXME: "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/azure" is excluded because of compilation error
+	_ "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/azure"
 	_ "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/gcp"
 	_ "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/oidc"
 	_ "k8s.io/client-go/plugin/pkg/client/auth/openstack"
@@ -29,77 +24,67 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/docker"
 	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/docker-container"
 	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes"
+	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/remote"
 )
 
-var experimental string
-
 func init() {
 	seed.WithTimeAndRand()
 	stack.SetVersionInfo(version.Version, version.Revision)
+}
 
-	detect.ServiceName = "buildx"
-	// do not log tracing errors to stdio
-	otel.SetErrorHandler(skipErrors{})
+func runStandalone(cmd *command.DockerCli) error {
+	if err := cmd.Initialize(cliflags.NewClientOptions()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	rootCmd := commands.NewRootCmd(os.Args[0], false, cmd)
+	return rootCmd.Execute()
+}
+
+func runPlugin(cmd *command.DockerCli) error {
+	rootCmd := commands.NewRootCmd("buildx", true, cmd)
+	return plugin.RunPlugin(cmd, rootCmd, manager.Metadata{
+		SchemaVersion: "0.1.0",
+		Vendor:        "Docker Inc.",
+		Version:       version.Version,
+	})
 }
 
 func main() {
-	if os.Getenv("DOCKER_CLI_PLUGIN_ORIGINAL_CLI_COMMAND") == "" {
-		if len(os.Args) < 2 || os.Args[1] != manager.MetadataSubcommandName {
-			dockerCli, err := command.NewDockerCli()
-			if err != nil {
-				fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
-				os.Exit(1)
-			}
-			opts := cliflags.NewClientOptions()
-			dockerCli.Initialize(opts)
-			rootCmd := commands.NewRootCmd(os.Args[0], false, dockerCli)
-			if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-				os.Exit(1)
-			}
-			os.Exit(0)
-		}
-	}
-
-	dockerCli, err := command.NewDockerCli()
+	cmd, err := command.NewDockerCli()
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
-	p := commands.NewRootCmd("buildx", true, dockerCli)
-	meta := manager.Metadata{
-		SchemaVersion: "0.1.0",
-		Vendor:        "Docker Inc.",
-		Version:       version.Version,
-		Experimental:  experimental != "",
+	if plugin.RunningStandalone() {
+		err = runStandalone(cmd)
+	} else {
+		err = runPlugin(cmd)
+	}
+	if err == nil {
+		return
 	}
 
-	if err := plugin.RunPlugin(dockerCli, p, meta); err != nil {
-		if sterr, ok := err.(cli.StatusError); ok {
-			if sterr.Status != "" {
-				fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Err(), sterr.Status)
-			}
-			// StatusError should only be used for errors, and all errors should
-			// have a non-zero exit status, so never exit with 0
-			if sterr.StatusCode == 0 {
-				os.Exit(1)
-			}
-			os.Exit(sterr.StatusCode)
+	if sterr, ok := err.(cli.StatusError); ok {
+		if sterr.Status != "" {
+			fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Err(), sterr.Status)
 		}
-		for _, s := range errdefs.Sources(err) {
-			s.Print(dockerCli.Err())
+		// StatusError should only be used for errors, and all errors should
+		// have a non-zero exit status, so never exit with 0
+		if sterr.StatusCode == 0 {
+			os.Exit(1)
 		}
-
-		if debug.IsEnabled() {
-			fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "error: %+v", stack.Formatter(err))
-		} else {
-			fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "error: %v\n", err)
-		}
-
-		os.Exit(1)
+		os.Exit(sterr.StatusCode)
 	}
+
+	for _, s := range errdefs.Sources(err) {
+		s.Print(cmd.Err())
+	}
+	if debug.IsEnabled() {
+		fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Err(), "ERROR: %+v", stack.Formatter(err))
+	} else {
+		fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Err(), "ERROR: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	os.Exit(1)
 }
-
-type skipErrors struct{}
-
-func (skipErrors) Handle(err error) {}

cmd/buildx/tracing.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+
+	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/detect/delegated"
+	_ "github.com/moby/buildkit/util/tracing/env"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	detect.ServiceName = "buildx"
+	// do not log tracing errors to stdio
+	otel.SetErrorHandler(skipErrors{})
+}
+
+type skipErrors struct{}
+
+func (skipErrors) Handle(err error) {}

commands/bake.go

@@ -6,12 +6,16 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/platforms"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/bake"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/dockerutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/tracing"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/ioutils"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -19,8 +23,8 @@ import (
 
 type bakeOptions struct {
 	files     []string
-	printOnly bool
 	overrides []string
+	printOnly bool
 	commonOptions
 }
 
@@ -46,7 +50,6 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 				if bake.IsRemoteURL(targets[0]) {
 					cmdContext = targets[0]
 					targets = targets[1:]
-
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 		if in.exportLoad {
 			return errors.Errorf("push and load may not be set together at the moment")
 		}
-		overrides = append(overrides, "*.output=type=registry")
+		overrides = append(overrides, "*.push=true")
 	} else if in.exportLoad {
 		overrides = append(overrides, "*.output=type=docker")
 	}
@@ -71,11 +74,20 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 	if in.pull != nil {
 		overrides = append(overrides, fmt.Sprintf("*.pull=%t", *in.pull))
 	}
+	if in.sbom != "" {
+		overrides = append(overrides, fmt.Sprintf("*.attest=%s", buildflags.CanonicalizeAttest("sbom", in.sbom)))
+	}
+	if in.provenance != "" {
+		overrides = append(overrides, fmt.Sprintf("*.attest=%s", buildflags.CanonicalizeAttest("provenance", in.provenance)))
+	}
 	contextPathHash, _ := os.Getwd()
 
 	ctx2, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
 	defer cancel()
-	printer := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, in.progress)
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, in.progress)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	defer func() {
 		if printer != nil {
@@ -86,16 +98,30 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 		}
 	}()
 
-	dis, err := getInstanceOrDefault(ctx, dockerCli, in.builder, contextPathHash)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
+	var nodes []builder.Node
 	var files []bake.File
 	var inp *bake.Input
 
+	// instance only needed for reading remote bake files or building
+	if url != "" || !in.printOnly {
+		b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
+			builder.WithName(in.builder),
+			builder.WithContextPathHash(contextPathHash),
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err = updateLastActivity(dockerCli, b.NodeGroup); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to update builder last activity time")
+		}
+		nodes, err = b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	if url != "" {
-		files, inp, err = bake.ReadRemoteFiles(ctx, dis, url, in.files, printer)
+		files, inp, err = bake.ReadRemoteFiles(ctx, nodes, url, in.files, printer)
 	} else {
 		files, err = bake.ReadLocalFiles(in.files)
 	}
@@ -103,21 +129,30 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 		return err
 	}
 
-	m, err := bake.ReadTargets(ctx, files, targets, overrides, map[string]string{
-		"BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT": cmdContext,
+	tgts, grps, err := bake.ReadTargets(ctx, files, targets, overrides, map[string]string{
+		// don't forget to update documentation if you add a new
+		// built-in variable: docs/bake-reference.md#built-in-variables
+		"BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT":    cmdContext,
+		"BAKE_LOCAL_PLATFORM": platforms.DefaultString(),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	// this function can update target context string from the input so call before printOnly check
-	bo, err := bake.TargetsToBuildOpt(m, inp)
+	bo, err := bake.TargetsToBuildOpt(tgts, inp)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	if in.printOnly {
-		dt, err := json.MarshalIndent(map[string]map[string]*bake.Target{"target": m}, "", "  ")
+		dt, err := json.MarshalIndent(struct {
+			Group  map[string]*bake.Group  `json:"group,omitempty"`
+			Target map[string]*bake.Target `json:"target"`
+		}{
+			grps,
+			tgts,
+		}, "", "  ")
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -130,21 +165,17 @@ func runBake(dockerCli command.Cli, targets []string, in bakeOptions) (err error
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	resp, err := build.Build(ctx, dis, bo, dockerAPI(dockerCli), dockerCli.ConfigFile(), printer)
+	resp, err := build.Build(ctx, nodes, bo, dockerutil.NewClient(dockerCli), confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli), printer)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return wrapBuildError(err, true)
 	}
 
-	if len(in.metadataFile) > 0 && resp != nil {
-		mdata := map[string]map[string]string{}
-		for k, r := range resp {
-			mdata[k] = r.ExporterResponse
+	if len(in.metadataFile) > 0 {
+		dt := make(map[string]interface{})
+		for t, r := range resp {
+			dt[t] = decodeExporterResponse(r.ExporterResponse)
 		}
-		mdatab, err := json.MarshalIndent(mdata, "", "  ")
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(in.metadataFile, mdatab, 0644); err != nil {
+		if err := writeMetadataFile(in.metadataFile, dt); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -175,10 +206,12 @@ func bakeCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
 
 	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.files, "file", "f", []string{}, "Build definition file")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportLoad, "load", false, `Shorthand for "--set=*.output=type=docker"`)
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.printOnly, "print", false, "Print the options without building")
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.overrides, "set", nil, "Override target value (eg: targetpattern.key=value)")
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, "Shorthand for --set=*.output=type=registry")
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportLoad, "load", false, "Shorthand for --set=*.output=type=docker")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, `Shorthand for "--set=*.output=type=registry"`)
+	flags.StringVar(&options.sbom, "sbom", "", `Shorthand for "--set=*.attest=type=sbom"`)
+	flags.StringVar(&options.provenance, "provenance", "", `Shorthand for "--set=*.attest=type=provenance"`)
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.overrides, "set", nil, `Override target value (e.g., "targetpattern.key=value")`)
 
 	commonBuildFlags(&options.commonOptions, flags)
 

commands/build.go

@@ -1,94 +1,99 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/csv"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 
+	"github.com/containerd/console"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/monitor"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/buildflags"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/dockerutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/tracing"
+	"github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool/annotation"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
+	dockeropts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
+	"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/ioutils"
+	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session/auth/authprovider"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/solver/errdefs"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/grpcerrors"
+	"github.com/morikuni/aec"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 )
 
 const defaultTargetName = "default"
 
 type buildOptions struct {
-	commonOptions
 	contextPath    string
 	dockerfileName string
-	tags           []string
-	labels         []string
-	buildArgs      []string
+	printFunc      string
 
-	cacheFrom   []string
-	cacheTo     []string
-	target      string
-	platforms   []string
-	secrets     []string
-	ssh         []string
-	outputs     []string
-	imageIDFile string
-	extraHosts  []string
-	networkMode string
-
-	// unimplemented
-	squash bool
-	quiet  bool
-
-	allow []string
-
-	// hidden
-	// untrusted   bool
-	// ulimits        *opts.UlimitOpt
-	// memory         opts.MemBytes
-	// memorySwap     opts.MemSwapBytes
-	// shmSize        opts.MemBytes
-	// cpuShares      int64
-	// cpuPeriod      int64
-	// cpuQuota       int64
-	// cpuSetCpus     string
-	// cpuSetMems     string
-	// cgroupParent   string
-	// isolation      string
-	// compress    bool
-	// securityOpt []string
+	allow         []string
+	attests       []string
+	buildArgs     []string
+	cacheFrom     []string
+	cacheTo       []string
+	cgroupParent  string
+	contexts      []string
+	extraHosts    []string
+	imageIDFile   string
+	invoke        string
+	labels        []string
+	networkMode   string
+	noCacheFilter []string
+	outputs       []string
+	platforms     []string
+	quiet         bool
+	secrets       []string
+	shmSize       dockeropts.MemBytes
+	ssh           []string
+	tags          []string
+	target        string
+	ulimits       *dockeropts.UlimitOpt
+	commonOptions
 }
 
 type commonOptions struct {
 	builder      string
+	metadataFile string
 	noCache      *bool
 	progress     string
 	pull         *bool
-	metadataFile string
-	// golangci-lint#826
-	// nolint:structcheck
+
 	exportPush bool
-	// nolint:structcheck
 	exportLoad bool
+
+	sbom       string
+	provenance string
 }
 
 func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, in buildOptions) (err error) {
-	if in.squash {
-		return errors.Errorf("squash currently not implemented")
-	}
-	if in.quiet {
-		logrus.Warnf("quiet currently not implemented")
-	}
-
 	ctx := appcontext.Context()
 
 	ctx, end, err := tracing.TraceCurrentCommand(ctx, "build")
@@ -108,21 +113,46 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, in buildOptions) (err error) {
 		pull = *in.pull
 	}
 
+	if noCache && len(in.noCacheFilter) > 0 {
+		return errors.Errorf("--no-cache and --no-cache-filter cannot currently be used together")
+	}
+
+	if in.quiet && in.progress != progress.PrinterModeAuto && in.progress != progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
+		return errors.Errorf("progress=%s and quiet cannot be used together", in.progress)
+	} else if in.quiet {
+		in.progress = "quiet"
+	}
+
+	contexts, err := parseContextNames(in.contexts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	printFunc, err := parsePrintFunc(in.printFunc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	opts := build.Options{
 		Inputs: build.Inputs{
 			ContextPath:    in.contextPath,
 			DockerfilePath: in.dockerfileName,
 			InStream:       os.Stdin,
+			NamedContexts:  contexts,
 		},
-		Tags:        in.tags,
-		Labels:      listToMap(in.labels, false),
-		BuildArgs:   listToMap(in.buildArgs, true),
-		Pull:        pull,
-		NoCache:     noCache,
-		Target:      in.target,
-		ImageIDFile: in.imageIDFile,
-		ExtraHosts:  in.extraHosts,
-		NetworkMode: in.networkMode,
+		BuildArgs:     listToMap(in.buildArgs, true),
+		ExtraHosts:    in.extraHosts,
+		ImageIDFile:   in.imageIDFile,
+		Labels:        listToMap(in.labels, false),
+		NetworkMode:   in.networkMode,
+		NoCache:       noCache,
+		NoCacheFilter: in.noCacheFilter,
+		Pull:          pull,
+		ShmSize:       in.shmSize,
+		Tags:          in.tags,
+		Target:        in.target,
+		Ulimits:       in.ulimits,
+		PrintFunc:     printFunc,
 	}
 
 	platforms, err := platformutil.Parse(in.platforms)
@@ -131,7 +161,8 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, in buildOptions) (err error) {
 	}
 	opts.Platforms = platforms
 
-	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(os.Stderr))
+	dockerConfig := config.LoadDefaultConfigFile(os.Stderr)
+	opts.Session = append(opts.Session, authprovider.NewDockerAuthProvider(dockerConfig))
 
 	secrets, err := buildflags.ParseSecretSpecs(in.secrets)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -187,9 +218,20 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, in buildOptions) (err error) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-
 	opts.Exports = outputs
 
+	inAttests := append([]string{}, in.attests...)
+	if in.provenance != "" {
+		inAttests = append(inAttests, buildflags.CanonicalizeAttest("provenance", in.provenance))
+	}
+	if in.sbom != "" {
+		inAttests = append(inAttests, buildflags.CanonicalizeAttest("sbom", in.sbom))
+	}
+	opts.Attests, err = buildflags.ParseAttests(inAttests)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	cacheImports, err := buildflags.ParseCacheEntry(in.cacheFrom)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -214,43 +256,198 @@ func runBuild(dockerCli command.Cli, in buildOptions) (err error) {
 		contextPathHash = in.contextPath
 	}
 
-	return buildTargets(ctx, dockerCli, map[string]build.Options{defaultTargetName: opts}, in.progress, contextPathHash, in.builder, in.metadataFile)
-}
-
-func buildTargets(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, opts map[string]build.Options, progressMode, contextPathHash, instance string, metadataFile string) error {
-	dis, err := getInstanceOrDefault(ctx, dockerCli, instance, contextPathHash)
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
+		builder.WithName(in.builder),
+		builder.WithContextPathHash(contextPathHash),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err = updateLastActivity(dockerCli, b.NodeGroup); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to update builder last activity time")
+	}
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	imageID, res, err := buildTargets(ctx, dockerCli, nodes, map[string]build.Options{defaultTargetName: opts}, in.progress, in.metadataFile, in.invoke != "")
+	err = wrapBuildError(err, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if in.invoke != "" {
+		cfg, err := parseInvokeConfig(in.invoke)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		cfg.ResultCtx = res
+		con := console.Current()
+		if err := con.SetRaw(); err != nil {
+			return errors.Errorf("failed to configure terminal: %v", err)
+		}
+		err = monitor.RunMonitor(ctx, cfg, func(ctx context.Context) (*build.ResultContext, error) {
+			_, rr, err := buildTargets(ctx, dockerCli, nodes, map[string]build.Options{defaultTargetName: opts}, in.progress, in.metadataFile, true)
+			return rr, err
+		}, io.NopCloser(os.Stdin), nopCloser{os.Stdout}, nopCloser{os.Stderr})
+		if err != nil {
+			logrus.Warnf("failed to run monitor: %v", err)
+		}
+		con.Reset()
+	}
+
+	if in.quiet {
+		fmt.Println(imageID)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type nopCloser struct {
+	io.WriteCloser
+}
+
+func (c nopCloser) Close() error { return nil }
+
+func buildTargets(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, nodes []builder.Node, opts map[string]build.Options, progressMode string, metadataFile string, allowNoOutput bool) (imageID string, res *build.ResultContext, err error) {
 	ctx2, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
 	defer cancel()
-	printer := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, progressMode)
 
-	resp, err := build.Build(ctx, dis, opts, dockerAPI(dockerCli), dockerCli.ConfigFile(), printer)
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, progressMode)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	var idx int
+	resp, err := build.BuildWithResultHandler(ctx, nodes, opts, dockerutil.NewClient(dockerCli), confutil.ConfigDir(dockerCli), printer, func(driverIndex int, gotRes *build.ResultContext) {
+		mu.Lock()
+		defer mu.Unlock()
+		if res == nil || driverIndex < idx {
+			idx, res = driverIndex, gotRes
+		}
+	}, allowNoOutput)
 	err1 := printer.Wait()
 	if err == nil {
 		err = err1
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return "", nil, err
 	}
 
 	if len(metadataFile) > 0 && resp != nil {
-		mdatab, err := json.MarshalIndent(resp[defaultTargetName].ExporterResponse, "", "  ")
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(metadataFile, mdatab, 0644); err != nil {
-			return err
+		if err := writeMetadataFile(metadataFile, decodeExporterResponse(resp[defaultTargetName].ExporterResponse)); err != nil {
+			return "", nil, err
 		}
 	}
 
-	return err
+	printWarnings(os.Stderr, printer.Warnings(), progressMode)
+
+	for k := range resp {
+		if opts[k].PrintFunc != nil {
+			if err := printResult(opts[k].PrintFunc, resp[k].ExporterResponse); err != nil {
+				return "", nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return resp[defaultTargetName].ExporterResponse["containerimage.digest"], res, err
+}
+
+func parseInvokeConfig(invoke string) (cfg build.ContainerConfig, err error) {
+	cfg.Tty = true
+	if invoke == "default" {
+		return cfg, nil
+	}
+
+	csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(invoke))
+	fields, err := csvReader.Read()
+	if err != nil {
+		return cfg, err
+	}
+	if len(fields) == 1 && !strings.Contains(fields[0], "=") {
+		cfg.Cmd = []string{fields[0]}
+		return cfg, nil
+	}
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(field, "=", 2)
+		if len(parts) != 2 {
+			return cfg, errors.Errorf("invalid value %s", field)
+		}
+		key := strings.ToLower(parts[0])
+		value := parts[1]
+		switch key {
+		case "args":
+			cfg.Cmd = append(cfg.Cmd, value) // TODO: support JSON
+		case "entrypoint":
+			cfg.Entrypoint = append(cfg.Entrypoint, value) // TODO: support JSON
+		case "env":
+			cfg.Env = append(cfg.Env, value)
+		case "user":
+			cfg.User = &value
+		case "cwd":
+			cfg.Cwd = &value
+		case "tty":
+			cfg.Tty, err = strconv.ParseBool(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return cfg, errors.Errorf("failed to parse tty: %v", err)
+			}
+		default:
+			return cfg, errors.Errorf("unknown key %q", key)
+		}
+	}
+	return cfg, nil
+}
+
+func printWarnings(w io.Writer, warnings []client.VertexWarning, mode string) {
+	if len(warnings) == 0 || mode == progress.PrinterModeQuiet {
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n ")
+	sb := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	if len(warnings) == 1 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(sb, "1 warning found")
+	} else {
+		fmt.Fprintf(sb, "%d warnings found", len(warnings))
+	}
+	if logrus.GetLevel() < logrus.DebugLevel {
+		fmt.Fprintf(sb, " (use --debug to expand)")
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(sb, ":\n")
+	fmt.Fprint(w, aec.Apply(sb.String(), aec.YellowF))
+
+	for _, warn := range warnings {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, " - %s\n", warn.Short)
+		if logrus.GetLevel() < logrus.DebugLevel {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, d := range warn.Detail {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\n", d)
+		}
+		if warn.URL != "" {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "More info: %s\n", warn.URL)
+		}
+		if warn.SourceInfo != nil && warn.Range != nil {
+			src := errdefs.Source{
+				Info:   warn.SourceInfo,
+				Ranges: warn.Range,
+			}
+			src.Print(w)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n")
+
+	}
+}
+
+func newBuildOptions() buildOptions {
+	ulimits := make(map[string]*units.Ulimit)
+	return buildOptions{
+		ulimits: dockeropts.NewUlimitOpt(&ulimits),
+	}
 }
 
 func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
-	var options buildOptions
+	options := newBuildOptions()
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "build [OPTIONS] PATH | URL | -",
@@ -260,103 +457,152 @@ func buildCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			options.contextPath = args[0]
 			options.builder = rootOpts.builder
+			cmd.Flags().VisitAll(checkWarnedFlags)
 			return runBuild(dockerCli, options)
 		},
 	}
 
+	var platformsDefault []string
+	if v := os.Getenv("DOCKER_DEFAULT_PLATFORM"); v != "" {
+		platformsDefault = []string{v}
+	}
+
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
 
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, "Shorthand for --output=type=registry")
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportLoad, "load", false, "Shorthand for --output=type=docker")
+	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.extraHosts, "add-host", []string{}, `Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: "host:ip")`)
+	flags.SetAnnotation("add-host", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-host"})
+
+	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.allow, "allow", []string{}, `Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., "network.host", "security.insecure")`)
 
-	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.tags, "tag", "t", []string{}, "Name and optionally a tag in the 'name:tag' format")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("tag", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag-an-image--t"})
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.buildArgs, "build-arg", []string{}, "Set build-time variables")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("build-arg", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#set-build-time-variables---build-arg"})
 
-	flags.StringVarP(&options.dockerfileName, "file", "f", "", "Name of the Dockerfile (Default is 'PATH/Dockerfile')")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("file", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specify-a-dockerfile--f"})
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheFrom, "cache-from", []string{}, `External cache sources (e.g., "user/app:cache", "type=local,src=path/to/dir")`)
+
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheTo, "cache-to", []string{}, `Cache export destinations (e.g., "user/app:cache", "type=local,dest=path/to/dir")`)
+
+	flags.StringVar(&options.cgroupParent, "cgroup-parent", "", "Optional parent cgroup for the container")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("cgroup-parent", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#cgroup-parent"})
+
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.contexts, "build-context", []string{}, "Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)")
+
+	flags.StringVarP(&options.dockerfileName, "file", "f", "", `Name of the Dockerfile (default: "PATH/Dockerfile")`)
+	flags.SetAnnotation("file", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file"})
+
+	flags.StringVar(&options.imageIDFile, "iidfile", "", "Write the image ID to the file")
 
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.labels, "label", []string{}, "Set metadata for an image")
 
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheFrom, "cache-from", []string{}, "External cache sources (eg. user/app:cache, type=local,src=path/to/dir)")
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.cacheTo, "cache-to", []string{}, "Cache export destinations (eg. user/app:cache, type=local,dest=path/to/dir)")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportLoad, "load", false, `Shorthand for "--output=type=docker"`)
 
-	flags.StringVar(&options.target, "target", "", "Set the target build stage to build.")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("target", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specifying-target-build-stage---target"})
+	flags.StringVar(&options.networkMode, "network", "default", `Set the networking mode for the "RUN" instructions during build`)
 
-	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.allow, "allow", []string{}, "Allow extra privileged entitlement, e.g. network.host, security.insecure")
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.noCacheFilter, "no-cache-filter", []string{}, "Do not cache specified stages")
+
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.outputs, "output", "o", []string{}, `Output destination (format: "type=local,dest=path")`)
+
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.platforms, "platform", platformsDefault, "Set target platform for build")
+
+	if isExperimental() {
+		flags.StringVar(&options.printFunc, "print", "", "Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets) [experimental]")
+	}
+
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.exportPush, "push", false, `Shorthand for "--output=type=registry"`)
 
-	// not implemented
 	flags.BoolVarP(&options.quiet, "quiet", "q", false, "Suppress the build output and print image ID on success")
-	flags.StringVar(&options.networkMode, "network", "default", "Set the networking mode for the RUN instructions during build")
-	flags.StringSliceVar(&options.extraHosts, "add-host", []string{}, "Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)")
-	flags.SetAnnotation("add-host", "docs.external.url", []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-entries-to-container-hosts-file---add-host"})
-	flags.StringVar(&options.imageIDFile, "iidfile", "", "Write the image ID to the file")
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.squash, "squash", false, "Squash newly built layers into a single new layer")
-	flags.MarkHidden("quiet")
-	flags.MarkHidden("squash")
+
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.secrets, "secret", []string{}, `Secret to expose to the build (format: "id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]")`)
+
+	flags.Var(&options.shmSize, "shm-size", `Size of "/dev/shm"`)
+
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.ssh, "ssh", []string{}, `SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: "default|<id>[=<socket>|<key>[,<key>]]")`)
+
+	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.tags, "tag", "t", []string{}, `Name and optionally a tag (format: "name:tag")`)
+	flags.SetAnnotation("tag", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag"})
+
+	flags.StringVar(&options.target, "target", "", "Set the target build stage to build")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("target", annotation.ExternalURL, []string{"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#target"})
+
+	flags.Var(options.ulimits, "ulimit", "Ulimit options")
+
+	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.attests, "attest", []string{}, `Attestation parameters (format: "type=sbom,generator=image")`)
+	flags.StringVar(&options.sbom, "sbom", "", `Shorthand for "--attest=type=sbom"`)
+	flags.StringVar(&options.provenance, "provenance", "", `Shortand for "--attest=type=provenance"`)
+
+	if isExperimental() {
+		flags.StringVar(&options.invoke, "invoke", "", "Invoke a command after the build [experimental]")
+	}
 
 	// hidden flags
 	var ignore string
 	var ignoreSlice []string
 	var ignoreBool bool
 	var ignoreInt int64
-	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "ulimit", "", "Ulimit options")
-	flags.MarkHidden("ulimit")
-	flags.StringSliceVar(&ignoreSlice, "security-opt", []string{}, "Security options")
-	flags.MarkHidden("security-opt")
+
 	flags.BoolVar(&ignoreBool, "compress", false, "Compress the build context using gzip")
 	flags.MarkHidden("compress")
-	flags.StringVarP(&ignore, "memory", "m", "", "Memory limit")
-	flags.MarkHidden("memory")
-	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "memory-swap", "", "Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap")
-	flags.MarkHidden("memory-swap")
-	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "shm-size", "", "Size of /dev/shm")
-	flags.MarkHidden("shm-size")
-	flags.Int64VarP(&ignoreInt, "cpu-shares", "c", 0, "CPU shares (relative weight)")
-	flags.MarkHidden("cpu-shares")
-	flags.Int64Var(&ignoreInt, "cpu-period", 0, "Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period")
-	flags.MarkHidden("cpu-period")
-	flags.Int64Var(&ignoreInt, "cpu-quota", 0, "Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota")
-	flags.MarkHidden("cpu-quota")
-	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "cpuset-cpus", "", "CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)")
-	flags.MarkHidden("cpuset-cpus")
-	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "cpuset-mems", "", "MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)")
-	flags.MarkHidden("cpuset-mems")
-	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "cgroup-parent", "", "Optional parent cgroup for the container")
-	flags.MarkHidden("cgroup-parent")
+
 	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "isolation", "", "Container isolation technology")
 	flags.MarkHidden("isolation")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("isolation", "flag-warn", []string{"isolation flag is deprecated with BuildKit."})
+
+	flags.StringSliceVar(&ignoreSlice, "security-opt", []string{}, "Security options")
+	flags.MarkHidden("security-opt")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("security-opt", "flag-warn", []string{`security-opt flag is deprecated. "RUN --security=insecure" should be used with BuildKit.`})
+
+	flags.BoolVar(&ignoreBool, "squash", false, "Squash newly built layers into a single new layer")
+	flags.MarkHidden("squash")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("squash", "flag-warn", []string{"experimental flag squash is removed with BuildKit. You should squash inside build using a multi-stage Dockerfile for efficiency."})
+
+	flags.StringVarP(&ignore, "memory", "m", "", "Memory limit")
+	flags.MarkHidden("memory")
+
+	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "memory-swap", "", `Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: "-1" to enable unlimited swap`)
+	flags.MarkHidden("memory-swap")
+
+	flags.Int64VarP(&ignoreInt, "cpu-shares", "c", 0, "CPU shares (relative weight)")
+	flags.MarkHidden("cpu-shares")
+
+	flags.Int64Var(&ignoreInt, "cpu-period", 0, "Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period")
+	flags.MarkHidden("cpu-period")
+
+	flags.Int64Var(&ignoreInt, "cpu-quota", 0, "Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota")
+	flags.MarkHidden("cpu-quota")
+
+	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "cpuset-cpus", "", `CPUs in which to allow execution ("0-3", "0,1")`)
+	flags.MarkHidden("cpuset-cpus")
+
+	flags.StringVar(&ignore, "cpuset-mems", "", `MEMs in which to allow execution ("0-3", "0,1")`)
+	flags.MarkHidden("cpuset-mems")
+
 	flags.BoolVar(&ignoreBool, "rm", true, "Remove intermediate containers after a successful build")
 	flags.MarkHidden("rm")
+
 	flags.BoolVar(&ignoreBool, "force-rm", false, "Always remove intermediate containers")
 	flags.MarkHidden("force-rm")
 
-	platformsDefault := []string{}
-	if v := os.Getenv("DOCKER_DEFAULT_PLATFORM"); v != "" {
-		platformsDefault = []string{v}
-	}
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.platforms, "platform", platformsDefault, "Set target platform for build")
-
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.secrets, "secret", []string{}, "Secret file to expose to the build: id=mysecret,src=/local/secret")
-
-	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.ssh, "ssh", []string{}, "SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: default|<id>[=<socket>|<key>[,<key>]])")
-
-	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.outputs, "output", "o", []string{}, "Output destination (format: type=local,dest=path)")
-
 	commonBuildFlags(&options.commonOptions, flags)
-
 	return cmd
 }
 
 func commonBuildFlags(options *commonOptions, flags *pflag.FlagSet) {
 	options.noCache = flags.Bool("no-cache", false, "Do not use cache when building the image")
-	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", "Set type of progress output (auto, plain, tty). Use plain to show container output")
-	options.pull = flags.Bool("pull", false, "Always attempt to pull a newer version of the image")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty"). Use plain to show container output`)
+	options.pull = flags.Bool("pull", false, "Always attempt to pull all referenced images")
 	flags.StringVar(&options.metadataFile, "metadata-file", "", "Write build result metadata to the file")
 }
 
+func checkWarnedFlags(f *pflag.Flag) {
+	if !f.Changed {
+		return
+	}
+	for t, m := range f.Annotations {
+		switch t {
+		case "flag-warn":
+			logrus.Warn(m[0])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func listToMap(values []string, defaultEnv bool) map[string]string {
 	result := make(map[string]string, len(values))
 	for _, value := range values {
@@ -376,3 +622,125 @@ func listToMap(values []string, defaultEnv bool) map[string]string {
 	}
 	return result
 }
+
+func parseContextNames(values []string) (map[string]build.NamedContext, error) {
+	if len(values) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	result := make(map[string]build.NamedContext, len(values))
+	for _, value := range values {
+		kv := strings.SplitN(value, "=", 2)
+		if len(kv) != 2 {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid context value: %s, expected key=value", value)
+		}
+		named, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(kv[0])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "invalid context name %s", kv[0])
+		}
+		name := strings.TrimSuffix(reference.FamiliarString(named), ":latest")
+		result[name] = build.NamedContext{Path: kv[1]}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func parsePrintFunc(str string) (*build.PrintFunc, error) {
+	if str == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(str))
+	fields, err := csvReader.Read()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	f := &build.PrintFunc{}
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(field, "=", 2)
+		if len(parts) == 2 {
+			if parts[0] == "format" {
+				f.Format = parts[1]
+			} else {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid print field: %s", field)
+			}
+		} else {
+			if f.Name != "" {
+				return nil, errors.Errorf("invalid print value: %s", str)
+			}
+			f.Name = field
+		}
+	}
+	return f, nil
+}
+
+func writeMetadataFile(filename string, dt interface{}) error {
+	b, err := json.MarshalIndent(dt, "", "  ")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(filename, b, 0644)
+}
+
+func decodeExporterResponse(exporterResponse map[string]string) map[string]interface{} {
+	out := make(map[string]interface{})
+	for k, v := range exporterResponse {
+		dt, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(v)
+		if err != nil {
+			out[k] = v
+			continue
+		}
+		var raw map[string]interface{}
+		if err = json.Unmarshal(dt, &raw); err != nil || len(raw) == 0 {
+			out[k] = v
+			continue
+		}
+		out[k] = json.RawMessage(dt)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func wrapBuildError(err error, bake bool) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	st, ok := grpcerrors.AsGRPCStatus(err)
+	if ok {
+		if st.Code() == codes.Unimplemented && strings.Contains(st.Message(), "unsupported frontend capability moby.buildkit.frontend.contexts") {
+			msg := "current frontend does not support --build-context."
+			if bake {
+				msg = "current frontend does not support defining additional contexts for targets."
+			}
+			msg += " Named contexts are supported since Dockerfile v1.4. Use #syntax directive in Dockerfile or update to latest BuildKit."
+			return &wrapped{err, msg}
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+type wrapped struct {
+	err error
+	msg string
+}
+
+func (w *wrapped) Error() string {
+	return w.msg
+}
+
+func (w *wrapped) Unwrap() error {
+	return w.err
+}
+
+func isExperimental() bool {
+	if v, ok := os.LookupEnv("BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL"); ok {
+		vv, _ := strconv.ParseBool(v)
+		return vv
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func updateLastActivity(dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.NodeGroup) error {
+	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer release()
+	return txn.UpdateLastActivity(ng)
+}

commands/create.go

@@ -1,16 +1,26 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"encoding/csv"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
+	remoteutil "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/remote/util"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/confutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/dockerutil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	dopts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	"github.com/google/shlex"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -29,6 +39,7 @@ type createOptions struct {
 	flags        string
 	configFile   string
 	driverOpts   []string
+	bootstrap    bool
 	// upgrade      bool // perform upgrade of the driver
 }
 
@@ -54,23 +65,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	driverName := in.driver
-	if driverName == "" {
-		f, err := driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, dockerCli.Client(), true)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if f == nil {
-			return errors.Errorf("no valid drivers found")
-		}
-		driverName = f.Name()
-	}
-
-	if driver.GetFactory(driverName, true) == nil {
-		return errors.Errorf("failed to find driver %q", in.driver)
-	}
-
-	txn, release, err := getStore(dockerCli)
+	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -84,6 +79,19 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if !in.actionLeave && !in.actionAppend {
+		contexts, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for _, c := range contexts {
+			if c.Name == name {
+				logrus.Warnf("instance name %q already exists as context builder", name)
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	ng, err := txn.NodeGroupByName(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		if os.IsNotExist(errors.Cause(err)) {
@@ -91,29 +99,62 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 				logrus.Warnf("failed to find %q for append, creating a new instance instead", in.name)
 			}
 			if in.actionLeave {
-				return errors.Errorf("failed to find instance %q for leave", name)
+				return errors.Errorf("failed to find instance %q for leave", in.name)
 			}
 		} else {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 
+	buildkitHost := os.Getenv("BUILDKIT_HOST")
+
+	driverName := in.driver
+	if driverName == "" {
+		if ng != nil {
+			driverName = ng.Driver
+		} else if len(args) == 0 && buildkitHost != "" {
+			driverName = "remote"
+		} else {
+			var arg string
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				arg = args[0]
+			}
+			f, err := driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, arg, dockerCli.Client(), true)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if f == nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("no valid drivers found")
+			}
+			driverName = f.Name()
+		}
+	}
+
 	if ng != nil {
 		if in.nodeName == "" && !in.actionAppend {
-			return errors.Errorf("existing instance for %s but no append mode, specify --node to make changes for existing instances", name)
+			return errors.Errorf("existing instance for %q but no append mode, specify --node to make changes for existing instances", name)
 		}
+		if driverName != ng.Driver {
+			return errors.Errorf("existing instance for %q but has mismatched driver %q", name, ng.Driver)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if _, err := driver.GetFactory(driverName, true); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ngOriginal := ng
+	if ngOriginal != nil {
+		ngOriginal = ngOriginal.Copy()
 	}
 
 	if ng == nil {
 		ng = &store.NodeGroup{
-			Name: name,
+			Name:   name,
+			Driver: driverName,
 		}
 	}
 
-	if ng.Driver == "" || in.driver != "" {
-		ng.Driver = driverName
-	}
-
 	var flags []string
 	if in.flags != "" {
 		flags, err = shlex.Split(in.flags)
@@ -123,44 +164,72 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 	}
 
 	var ep string
+	var setEp bool
 	if in.actionLeave {
 		if err := ng.Leave(in.nodeName); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	} else {
-		if len(args) > 0 {
-			ep, err = validateEndpoint(dockerCli, args[0])
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+		switch {
+		case driverName == "kubernetes":
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				logrus.Warnf("kubernetes driver does not support endpoint args %q", args[0])
 			}
-		} else {
-			if dockerCli.CurrentContext() == "default" && dockerCli.DockerEndpoint().TLSData != nil {
-				return errors.Errorf("could not create a builder instance with TLS data loaded from environment. Please use `docker context create <context-name>` to create a context for current environment and then create a builder instance with `docker buildx create <context-name>`")
-			}
-
-			ep, err = getCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-
-		if in.driver == "kubernetes" {
 			// naming endpoint to make --append works
 			ep = (&url.URL{
-				Scheme: in.driver,
+				Scheme: driverName,
 				Path:   "/" + in.name,
 				RawQuery: (&url.Values{
 					"deployment": {in.nodeName},
 					"kubeconfig": {os.Getenv("KUBECONFIG")},
 				}).Encode(),
 			}).String()
+			setEp = false
+		case driverName == "remote":
+			if len(args) > 0 {
+				ep = args[0]
+			} else if buildkitHost != "" {
+				ep = buildkitHost
+			} else {
+				return errors.Errorf("no remote endpoint provided")
+			}
+			ep, err = validateBuildkitEndpoint(ep)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			setEp = true
+		case len(args) > 0:
+			ep, err = validateEndpoint(dockerCli, args[0])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			setEp = true
+		default:
+			if dockerCli.CurrentContext() == "default" && dockerCli.DockerEndpoint().TLSData != nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("could not create a builder instance with TLS data loaded from environment. Please use `docker context create <context-name>` to create a context for current environment and then create a builder instance with `docker buildx create <context-name>`")
+			}
+			ep, err = dockerutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			setEp = false
 		}
 
 		m, err := csvToMap(in.driverOpts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if err := ng.Update(in.nodeName, ep, in.platform, len(args) > 0, in.actionAppend, flags, in.configFile, m); err != nil {
+
+		if in.configFile == "" {
+			// if buildkit config is not provided, check if the default one is
+			// available and use it
+			if f, ok := confutil.DefaultConfigFile(dockerCli); ok {
+				logrus.Warnf("Using default BuildKit config in %s", f)
+				in.configFile = f
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err := ng.Update(in.nodeName, ep, in.platform, setEp, in.actionAppend, flags, in.configFile, m); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -169,8 +238,41 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
+		builder.WithName(ng.Name),
+		builder.WithStore(txn),
+		builder.WithSkippedValidation(),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if err := node.Err; err != nil {
+			err := errors.Errorf("failed to initialize builder %s (%s): %s", ng.Name, node.Name, err)
+			var err2 error
+			if ngOriginal == nil {
+				err2 = txn.Remove(ng.Name)
+			} else {
+				err2 = txn.Save(ngOriginal)
+			}
+			if err2 != nil {
+				logrus.Warnf("Could not rollback to previous state: %s", err2)
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	if in.use && ep != "" {
-		current, err := getCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
+		current, err := dockerutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -179,6 +281,12 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if in.bootstrap {
+		if _, err = b.Boot(ctx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	fmt.Printf("%s\n", ng.Name)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -186,9 +294,12 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 	var options createOptions
 
-	var drivers []string
-	for s := range driver.GetFactories() {
-		drivers = append(drivers, s)
+	var drivers bytes.Buffer
+	for _, d := range driver.GetFactories(true) {
+		if len(drivers.String()) > 0 {
+			drivers.WriteString(", ")
+		}
+		drivers.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf(`"%s"`, d.Name()))
 	}
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
@@ -203,23 +314,28 @@ func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
 
 	flags.StringVar(&options.name, "name", "", "Builder instance name")
-	flags.StringVar(&options.driver, "driver", "", fmt.Sprintf("Driver to use (available: %v)", drivers))
+	flags.StringVar(&options.driver, "driver", "", fmt.Sprintf("Driver to use (available: %s)", drivers.String()))
 	flags.StringVar(&options.nodeName, "node", "", "Create/modify node with given name")
 	flags.StringVar(&options.flags, "buildkitd-flags", "", "Flags for buildkitd daemon")
 	flags.StringVar(&options.configFile, "config", "", "BuildKit config file")
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.platform, "platform", []string{}, "Fixed platforms for current node")
 	flags.StringArrayVar(&options.driverOpts, "driver-opt", []string{}, "Options for the driver")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.bootstrap, "bootstrap", false, "Boot builder after creation")
 
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.actionAppend, "append", false, "Append a node to builder instead of changing it")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.actionLeave, "leave", false, "Remove a node from builder instead of changing it")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.use, "use", false, "Set the current builder instance")
 
-	_ = flags
+	// hide builder persistent flag for this command
+	cobrautil.HideInheritedFlags(cmd, "builder")
 
 	return cmd
 }
 
 func csvToMap(in []string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	if len(in) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
 	m := make(map[string]string, len(in))
 	for _, s := range in {
 		csvReader := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(s))
@@ -237,3 +353,27 @@ func csvToMap(in []string) (map[string]string, error) {
 	}
 	return m, nil
 }
+
+// validateEndpoint validates that endpoint is either a context or a docker host
+func validateEndpoint(dockerCli command.Cli, ep string) (string, error) {
+	dem, err := dockerutil.GetDockerEndpoint(dockerCli, ep)
+	if err == nil && dem != nil {
+		if ep == "default" {
+			return dem.Host, nil
+		}
+		return ep, nil
+	}
+	h, err := dopts.ParseHost(true, ep)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse endpoint %s", ep)
+	}
+	return h, nil
+}
+
+// validateBuildkitEndpoint validates that endpoint is a valid buildkit host
+func validateBuildkitEndpoint(ep string) (string, error) {
+	if err := remoteutil.IsValidEndpoint(ep); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return ep, nil
+}

commands/create_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCsvToMap(t *testing.T) {
+	d := []string{
+		"\"tolerations=key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,value=bar2\",replicas=1",
+		"namespace=default",
+	}
+	r, err := csvToMap(d)
+
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Contains(t, r, "tolerations")
+	require.Equal(t, r["tolerations"], "key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,value=bar2")
+
+	require.Contains(t, r, "replicas")
+	require.Equal(t, r["replicas"], "1")
+
+	require.Contains(t, r, "namespace")
+	require.Equal(t, r["namespace"], "default")
+}

commands/diskusage.go

@@ -4,16 +4,18 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 	"text/tabwriter"
+	"time"
 
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
+	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/tonistiigi/units"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
@@ -31,25 +33,29 @@ func runDiskUsage(dockerCli command.Cli, opts duOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	dis, err := getInstanceOrDefault(ctx, dockerCli, opts.builder, "")
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(opts.builder))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	for _, di := range dis {
-		if di.Err != nil {
-			return err
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			return node.Err
 		}
 	}
 
-	out := make([][]*client.UsageInfo, len(dis))
+	out := make([][]*client.UsageInfo, len(nodes))
 
 	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
-	for i, di := range dis {
-		func(i int, di build.DriverInfo) {
+	for i, node := range nodes {
+		func(i int, node builder.Node) {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
-				if di.Driver != nil {
-					c, err := di.Driver.Client(ctx)
+				if node.Driver != nil {
+					c, err := node.Driver.Client(ctx)
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@@ -62,7 +68,7 @@ func runDiskUsage(dockerCli command.Cli, opts duOptions) error {
 				}
 				return nil
 			})
-		}(i, di)
+		}(i, node)
 	}
 
 	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
@@ -125,20 +131,20 @@ func printKV(w io.Writer, k string, v interface{}) {
 func printVerbose(tw *tabwriter.Writer, du []*client.UsageInfo) {
 	for _, di := range du {
 		printKV(tw, "ID", di.ID)
-		if di.Parent != "" {
-			printKV(tw, "Parent", di.Parent)
+		if len(di.Parents) != 0 {
+			printKV(tw, "Parent", strings.Join(di.Parents, ","))
 		}
 		printKV(tw, "Created at", di.CreatedAt)
 		printKV(tw, "Mutable", di.Mutable)
 		printKV(tw, "Reclaimable", !di.InUse)
 		printKV(tw, "Shared", di.Shared)
-		printKV(tw, "Size", fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", units.Bytes(di.Size)))
+		printKV(tw, "Size", units.HumanSize(float64(di.Size)))
 		if di.Description != "" {
 			printKV(tw, "Description", di.Description)
 		}
 		printKV(tw, "Usage count", di.UsageCount)
 		if di.LastUsedAt != nil {
-			printKV(tw, "Last used", di.LastUsedAt)
+			printKV(tw, "Last used", units.HumanDuration(time.Since(*di.LastUsedAt))+" ago")
 		}
 		if di.RecordType != "" {
 			printKV(tw, "Type", di.RecordType)
@@ -159,11 +165,15 @@ func printTableRow(tw *tabwriter.Writer, di *client.UsageInfo) {
 	if di.Mutable {
 		id += "*"
 	}
-	size := fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", units.Bytes(di.Size))
+	size := units.HumanSize(float64(di.Size))
 	if di.Shared {
 		size += "*"
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%-71s\t%-11v\t%s\t\n", id, !di.InUse, size)
+	lastAccessed := ""
+	if di.LastUsedAt != nil {
+		lastAccessed = units.HumanDuration(time.Since(*di.LastUsedAt)) + " ago"
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%-40s\t%-5v\t%-10s\t%s\n", id, !di.InUse, size, lastAccessed)
 }
 
 func printSummary(tw *tabwriter.Writer, dus [][]*client.UsageInfo) {
@@ -186,11 +196,11 @@ func printSummary(tw *tabwriter.Writer, dus [][]*client.UsageInfo) {
 	}
 
 	if shared > 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Shared:\t%.2f\n", units.Bytes(shared))
-		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Private:\t%.2f\n", units.Bytes(total-shared))
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Shared:\t%s\n", units.HumanSize(float64(shared)))
+		fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Private:\t%s\n", units.HumanSize(float64(total-shared)))
 	}
 
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Reclaimable:\t%.2f\n", units.Bytes(reclaimable))
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Total:\t%.2f\n", units.Bytes(total))
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Reclaimable:\t%s\n", units.HumanSize(float64(reclaimable)))
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Total:\t%s\n", units.HumanSize(float64(total)))
 	tw.Flush()
 }

commands/imagetools/create.go

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/distribution/reference"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
@@ -18,10 +21,12 @@ import (
 )
 
 type createOptions struct {
+	builder      string
 	files        []string
 	tags         []string
 	dryrun       bool
 	actionAppend bool
+	progress     string
 }
 
 func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
@@ -35,7 +40,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 
 	fileArgs := make([]string, len(in.files))
 	for i, f := range in.files {
-		dt, err := ioutil.ReadFile(f)
+		dt, err := os.ReadFile(f)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -75,35 +80,48 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 	if len(repos) == 0 {
 		return errors.Errorf("no repositories specified, please set a reference in tag or source")
 	}
-	if len(repos) > 1 {
-		return errors.Errorf("multiple repositories currently not supported, found %v", repos)
-	}
 
-	var repo string
-	for r := range repos {
-		repo = r
+	var defaultRepo *string
+	if len(repos) == 1 {
+		for repo := range repos {
+			defaultRepo = &repo
+		}
 	}
 
 	for i, s := range srcs {
-		if s.Ref == nil && s.Desc.MediaType == "" && s.Desc.Digest != "" {
-			n, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(repo)
+		if s.Ref == nil {
+			if defaultRepo == nil {
+				return errors.Errorf("multiple repositories specified, cannot infer repository for %q", args[i])
+			}
+			n, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(*defaultRepo)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			r, err := reference.WithDigest(n, s.Desc.Digest)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+			if s.Desc.MediaType == "" && s.Desc.Digest != "" {
+				r, err := reference.WithDigest(n, s.Desc.Digest)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				srcs[i].Ref = r
+				sourceRefs = true
+			} else {
+				srcs[i].Ref = reference.TagNameOnly(n)
 			}
-			srcs[i].Ref = r
-			sourceRefs = true
 		}
 	}
 
 	ctx := appcontext.Context()
 
-	r := imagetools.New(imagetools.Opt{
-		Auth: dockerCli.ConfigFile(),
-	})
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(in.builder))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	imageopt, err := b.ImageOpt()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	r := imagetools.New(imageopt)
 
 	if sourceRefs {
 		eg, ctx2 := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
@@ -117,7 +135,6 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
-					srcs[i].Ref = nil
 					if srcs[i].Desc.Digest == "" {
 						srcs[i].Desc = desc
 					} else {
@@ -136,12 +153,7 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	descs := make([]ocispec.Descriptor, len(srcs))
-	for i := range descs {
-		descs[i] = srcs[i].Desc
-	}
-
-	dt, desc, err := r.Combine(ctx, repo, descs)
+	dt, desc, err := r.Combine(ctx, srcs)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -152,27 +164,54 @@ func runCreate(dockerCli command.Cli, in createOptions, args []string) error {
 	}
 
 	// new resolver cause need new auth
-	r = imagetools.New(imagetools.Opt{
-		Auth: dockerCli.ConfigFile(),
-	})
+	r = imagetools.New(imageopt)
 
-	for _, t := range tags {
-		if err := r.Push(ctx, t, desc, dt); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		fmt.Println(t.String())
+	ctx2, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.TODO())
+	defer cancel()
+	printer, err := progress.NewPrinter(ctx2, os.Stderr, os.Stderr, in.progress)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	pw := progress.WithPrefix(printer, "internal", true)
+
+	for _, t := range tags {
+		t := t
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			return progress.Wrap(fmt.Sprintf("pushing %s", t.String()), pw.Write, func(sub progress.SubLogger) error {
+				eg2, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+				for _, s := range srcs {
+					if reference.Domain(s.Ref) == reference.Domain(t) && reference.Path(s.Ref) == reference.Path(t) {
+						continue
+					}
+					s := s
+					eg2.Go(func() error {
+						sub.Log(1, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("copying %s from %s to %s\n", s.Desc.Digest.String(), s.Ref.String(), t.String())))
+						return r.Copy(ctx, s, t)
+					})
+				}
+
+				if err := eg2.Wait(); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				sub.Log(1, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("pushing %s to %s\n", desc.Digest.String(), t.String())))
+				return r.Push(ctx, t, desc, dt)
+			})
+		})
+	}
+
+	err = eg.Wait()
+	err1 := printer.Wait()
+	if err == nil {
+		err = err1
+	}
+
+	return err
 }
 
-type src struct {
-	Desc ocispec.Descriptor
-	Ref  reference.Named
-}
-
-func parseSources(in []string) ([]*src, error) {
-	out := make([]*src, len(in))
+func parseSources(in []string) ([]*imagetools.Source, error) {
+	out := make([]*imagetools.Source, len(in))
 	for i, in := range in {
 		s, err := parseSource(in)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -195,11 +234,11 @@ func parseRefs(in []string) ([]reference.Named, error) {
 	return refs, nil
 }
 
-func parseSource(in string) (*src, error) {
+func parseSource(in string) (*imagetools.Source, error) {
 	// source can be a digest, reference or a descriptor JSON
 	dgst, err := digest.Parse(in)
 	if err == nil {
-		return &src{
+		return &imagetools.Source{
 			Desc: ocispec.Descriptor{
 				Digest: dgst,
 			},
@@ -210,39 +249,38 @@ func parseSource(in string) (*src, error) {
 
 	ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(in)
 	if err == nil {
-		return &src{
+		return &imagetools.Source{
 			Ref: ref,
 		}, nil
 	} else if !strings.HasPrefix(in, "{") {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	var s src
+	var s imagetools.Source
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(in), &s.Desc); err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.WithStack(err)
 	}
 	return &s, nil
 }
 
-func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
+func createCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, opts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	var options createOptions
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "create [OPTIONS] [SOURCE] [SOURCE...]",
 		Short: "Create a new image based on source images",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			options.builder = *opts.Builder
 			return runCreate(dockerCli, options, args)
 		},
 	}
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
-
 	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.files, "file", "f", []string{}, "Read source descriptor from file")
 	flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.tags, "tag", "t", []string{}, "Set reference for new image")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.dryrun, "dry-run", false, "Show final image instead of pushing")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.actionAppend, "append", false, "Append to existing manifest")
-
-	_ = flags
+	flags.StringVar(&options.progress, "progress", "auto", `Set type of progress output ("auto", "plain", "tty"). Use plain to show container output`)
 
 	return cmd
 }

commands/imagetools/inspect.go

@@ -1,68 +1,65 @@
 package commands
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/imagetools"
+	"github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool/annotation"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
-	ocispec "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
 type inspectOptions struct {
-	raw bool
+	builder string
+	format  string
+	raw     bool
 }
 
 func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions, name string) error {
 	ctx := appcontext.Context()
 
-	r := imagetools.New(imagetools.Opt{
-		Auth: dockerCli.ConfigFile(),
-	})
+	if in.format != "" && in.raw {
+		return errors.Errorf("format and raw cannot be used together")
+	}
 
-	dt, desc, err := r.Get(ctx, name)
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(in.builder))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	imageopt, err := b.ImageOpt()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if in.raw {
-		fmt.Printf("%s", dt) // avoid newline to keep digest
-		return nil
+	p, err := imagetools.NewPrinter(ctx, imageopt, name, in.format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	switch desc.MediaType {
-	// case images.MediaTypeDockerSchema2Manifest, specs.MediaTypeImageManifest:
-	// TODO: handle distribution manifest and schema1
-	case images.MediaTypeDockerSchema2ManifestList, ocispec.MediaTypeImageIndex:
-		return imagetools.PrintManifestList(dt, desc, name, os.Stdout)
-	default:
-		fmt.Printf("%s\n", dt)
-	}
-
-	return nil
+	return p.Print(in.raw, dockerCli.Out())
 }
 
-func inspectCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
+func inspectCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	var options inspectOptions
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "inspect [OPTIONS] NAME",
-		Short: "Show details of image in the registry",
+		Short: "Show details of an image in the registry",
 		Args:  cli.ExactArgs(1),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			options.builder = *rootOpts.Builder
 			return runInspect(dockerCli, options, args[0])
 		},
 	}
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
 
-	flags.BoolVar(&options.raw, "raw", false, "Show original JSON manifest")
+	flags.StringVar(&options.format, "format", "", "Format the output using the given Go template")
+	flags.SetAnnotation("format", annotation.DefaultValue, []string{`"{{.Manifest}}"`})
 
-	_ = flags
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.raw, "raw", false, "Show original, unformatted JSON manifest")
 
 	return cmd
 }

commands/imagetools/root.go

@@ -5,15 +5,19 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-func RootCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
+type RootOptions struct {
+	Builder *string
+}
+
+func RootCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, opts RootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "imagetools",
 		Short: "Commands to work on images in registry",
 	}
 
 	cmd.AddCommand(
-		inspectCmd(dockerCli),
-		createCmd(dockerCli),
+		createCmd(dockerCli, opts),
+		inspectCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 	)
 
 	return cmd

commands/inspect.go

@@ -8,17 +8,12 @@ import (
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/progress"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
-	specs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 type inspectOptions struct {
@@ -26,103 +21,74 @@ type inspectOptions struct {
 	builder   string
 }
 
-type dinfo struct {
-	di        *build.DriverInfo
-	info      *driver.Info
-	platforms []specs.Platform
-	err       error
-}
-
-type nginfo struct {
-	ng      *store.NodeGroup
-	drivers []dinfo
-	err     error
-}
-
 func runInspect(dockerCli command.Cli, in inspectOptions) error {
 	ctx := appcontext.Context()
 
-	txn, release, err := getStore(dockerCli)
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
+		builder.WithName(in.builder),
+		builder.WithSkippedValidation(),
+	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer release()
-
-	var ng *store.NodeGroup
-
-	if in.builder != "" {
-		ng, err = getNodeGroup(txn, dockerCli, in.builder)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	} else {
-		ng, err = getCurrentInstance(txn, dockerCli)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	if ng == nil {
-		ng = &store.NodeGroup{
-			Name: "default",
-			Nodes: []store.Node{{
-				Name:     "default",
-				Endpoint: "default",
-			}},
-		}
-	}
-
-	ngi := &nginfo{ng: ng}
 
 	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	err = loadNodeGroupData(timeoutCtx, dockerCli, ngi)
-
-	var bootNgi *nginfo
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
 	if in.bootstrap {
 		var ok bool
-		ok, err = boot(ctx, ngi, dockerCli)
+		ok, err = b.Boot(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		bootNgi = ngi
 		if ok {
-			ngi = &nginfo{ng: ng}
-			err = loadNodeGroupData(ctx, dockerCli, ngi)
+			nodes, err = b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
 		}
 	}
 
 	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 0, 0, 1, ' ', 0)
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Name:\t%s\n", ngi.ng.Name)
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Driver:\t%s\n", ngi.ng.Driver)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Name:\t%s\n", b.Name)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Driver:\t%s\n", b.Driver)
+	if !b.NodeGroup.LastActivity.IsZero() {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Last Activity:\t%v\n", b.NodeGroup.LastActivity)
+	}
+
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error:\t%s\n", err.Error())
-	} else if ngi.err != nil {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error:\t%s\n", ngi.err.Error())
+	} else if b.Err() != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error:\t%s\n", b.Err().Error())
 	}
 	if err == nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(w, "")
 		fmt.Fprintln(w, "Nodes:")
 
-		for i, n := range ngi.ng.Nodes {
+		for i, n := range nodes {
 			if i != 0 {
 				fmt.Fprintln(w, "")
 			}
 			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Name:\t%s\n", n.Name)
 			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Endpoint:\t%s\n", n.Endpoint)
-			if err := ngi.drivers[i].di.Err; err != nil {
+
+			var driverOpts []string
+			for k, v := range n.DriverOpts {
+				driverOpts = append(driverOpts, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%q", k, v))
+			}
+			if len(driverOpts) > 0 {
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Driver Options:\t%s\n", strings.Join(driverOpts, " "))
+			}
+
+			if err := n.Err; err != nil {
 				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error:\t%s\n", err.Error())
-			} else if err := ngi.drivers[i].err; err != nil {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error:\t%s\n", err.Error())
-			} else if bootNgi != nil && len(bootNgi.drivers) > i && bootNgi.drivers[i].err != nil {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error:\t%s\n", bootNgi.drivers[i].err.Error())
 			} else {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Status:\t%s\n", ngi.drivers[i].info.Status)
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Status:\t%s\n", nodes[i].DriverInfo.Status)
 				if len(n.Flags) > 0 {
 					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Flags:\t%s\n", strings.Join(n.Flags, " "))
 				}
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Platforms:\t%s\n", strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Platforms, ngi.drivers[i].platforms), ", "))
+				if nodes[i].Version != "" {
+					fmt.Fprintf(w, "Buildkit:\t%s\n", nodes[i].Version)
+				}
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Platforms:\t%s\n", strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Node.Platforms, n.Platforms), ", "))
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -149,50 +115,7 @@ func inspectCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	}
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
-
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.bootstrap, "bootstrap", false, "Ensure builder has booted before inspecting")
 
-	_ = flags
-
 	return cmd
 }
-
-func boot(ctx context.Context, ngi *nginfo, dockerCli command.Cli) (bool, error) {
-	toBoot := make([]int, 0, len(ngi.drivers))
-	for i, d := range ngi.drivers {
-		if d.err != nil || d.di.Err != nil || d.di.Driver == nil || d.info == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		if d.info.Status != driver.Running {
-			toBoot = append(toBoot, i)
-		}
-	}
-	if len(toBoot) == 0 {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	printer := progress.NewPrinter(context.TODO(), os.Stderr, "auto")
-
-	baseCtx := ctx
-	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
-	for _, idx := range toBoot {
-		func(idx int) {
-			eg.Go(func() error {
-				pw := progress.WithPrefix(printer, ngi.ng.Nodes[idx].Name, len(toBoot) > 1)
-				_, err := driver.Boot(ctx, baseCtx, ngi.drivers[idx].di.Driver, pw)
-				if err != nil {
-					ngi.drivers[idx].err = err
-				}
-				return nil
-			})
-		}(idx)
-	}
-
-	err := eg.Wait()
-	err1 := printer.Wait()
-	if err == nil {
-		err = err1
-	}
-
-	return true, err
-}

commands/install.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"os"
 
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
@@ -48,5 +49,8 @@ func installCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 		Hidden: true,
 	}
 
+	// hide builder persistent flag for this command
+	cobrautil.HideInheritedFlags(cmd, "builder")
+
 	return cmd
 }

commands/ls.go

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
@@ -24,51 +25,30 @@ type lsOptions struct {
 func runLs(dockerCli command.Cli, in lsOptions) error {
 	ctx := appcontext.Context()
 
-	txn, release, err := getStore(dockerCli)
+	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer release()
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
+	current, err := storeutil.GetCurrentInstance(txn, dockerCli)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	builders, err := builder.GetBuilders(dockerCli, txn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	ll, err := txn.List()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	builders := make([]*nginfo, len(ll))
-	for i, ng := range ll {
-		builders[i] = &nginfo{ng: ng}
-	}
-
-	list, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	ctxbuilders := make([]*nginfo, len(list))
-	for i, l := range list {
-		ctxbuilders[i] = &nginfo{ng: &store.NodeGroup{
-			Name: l.Name,
-			Nodes: []store.Node{{
-				Name:     l.Name,
-				Endpoint: l.Name,
-			}},
-		}}
-	}
-
-	builders = append(builders, ctxbuilders...)
-
-	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
-
+	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(timeoutCtx)
 	for _, b := range builders {
-		func(b *nginfo) {
+		func(b *builder.Builder) {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
-				err = loadNodeGroupData(ctx, dockerCli, b)
-				if b.err == nil && err != nil {
-					b.err = err
-				}
+				_, _ = b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
 				return nil
 			})
 		}(b)
@@ -78,61 +58,62 @@ func runLs(dockerCli command.Cli, in lsOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	currentName := "default"
-	current, err := getCurrentInstance(txn, dockerCli)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if current != nil {
-		currentName = current.Name
-		if current.Name == "default" {
-			currentName = current.Nodes[0].Endpoint
-		}
-	}
+	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(dockerCli.Out(), 0, 0, 1, ' ', 0)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "NAME/NODE\tDRIVER/ENDPOINT\tSTATUS\tBUILDKIT\tPLATFORMS\n")
 
-	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 0, 0, 1, ' ', 0)
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "NAME/NODE\tDRIVER/ENDPOINT\tSTATUS\tPLATFORMS\n")
-
-	currentSet := false
+	printErr := false
 	for _, b := range builders {
-		if !currentSet && b.ng.Name == currentName {
-			b.ng.Name += " *"
-			currentSet = true
+		if current.Name == b.Name {
+			b.Name += " *"
+		}
+		if ok := printBuilder(w, b); !ok {
+			printErr = true
 		}
-		printngi(w, b)
 	}
 
 	w.Flush()
 
-	return nil
-}
-
-func printngi(w io.Writer, ngi *nginfo) {
-	var err string
-	if ngi.err != nil {
-		err = ngi.err.Error()
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t\n", ngi.ng.Name, ngi.ng.Driver, err)
-	if ngi.err == nil {
-		for idx, n := range ngi.ng.Nodes {
-			d := ngi.drivers[idx]
-			var err string
-			if d.err != nil {
-				err = d.err.Error()
-			} else if d.di.Err != nil {
-				err = d.di.Err.Error()
-			}
-			var status string
-			if d.info != nil {
-				status = d.info.Status.String()
-			}
-			if err != "" {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\n", n.Name, n.Endpoint, err)
+	if printErr {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "\n")
+		for _, b := range builders {
+			if b.Err() != nil {
+				_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "Cannot load builder %s: %s\n", b.Name, strings.TrimSpace(b.Err().Error()))
 			} else {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", n.Name, n.Endpoint, status, strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Platforms, d.platforms), ", "))
+				for _, d := range b.Nodes() {
+					if d.Err != nil {
+						_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "Failed to get status for %s (%s): %s\n", b.Name, d.Name, strings.TrimSpace(d.Err.Error()))
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func printBuilder(w io.Writer, b *builder.Builder) (ok bool) {
+	ok = true
+	var err string
+	if b.Err() != nil {
+		ok = false
+		err = "error"
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\t%s\t%s\t\t\n", b.Name, b.Driver, err)
+	if b.Err() == nil {
+		for _, n := range b.Nodes() {
+			var status string
+			if n.DriverInfo != nil {
+				status = n.DriverInfo.Status.String()
+			}
+			if n.Err != nil {
+				ok = false
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\t\t\n", n.Name, n.Endpoint, "error")
+			} else {
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", n.Name, n.Endpoint, status, n.Version, strings.Join(platformutil.FormatInGroups(n.Node.Platforms, n.Platforms), ", "))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return
 }
 
 func lsCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
@@ -147,5 +128,8 @@ func lsCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 
+	// hide builder persistent flag for this command
+	cobrautil.HideInheritedFlags(cmd, "builder")
+
 	return cmd
 }

commands/print.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/versions"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests/outline"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/frontend/subrequests/targets"
+)
+
+func printResult(f *build.PrintFunc, res map[string]string) error {
+	switch f.Name {
+	case "outline":
+		return printValue(outline.PrintOutline, outline.SubrequestsOutlineDefinition.Version, f.Format, res)
+	case "targets":
+		return printValue(targets.PrintTargets, targets.SubrequestsTargetsDefinition.Version, f.Format, res)
+	case "subrequests.describe":
+		return printValue(subrequests.PrintDescribe, subrequests.SubrequestsDescribeDefinition.Version, f.Format, res)
+	default:
+		if dt, ok := res["result.txt"]; ok {
+			fmt.Print(dt)
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("%s %+v", f, res)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type printFunc func([]byte, io.Writer) error
+
+func printValue(printer printFunc, version string, format string, res map[string]string) error {
+	if format == "json" {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stdout, res["result.json"])
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if res["version"] != "" && versions.LessThan(version, res["version"]) && res["result.txt"] != "" {
+		// structure is too new and we don't know how to print it
+		fmt.Fprint(os.Stdout, res["result.txt"])
+		return nil
+	}
+	return printer([]byte(res["result.json"]), os.Stdout)
+}

commands/prune.go

@@ -7,16 +7,16 @@ import (
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/opts"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/filters"
+	"github.com/docker/go-units"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/tonistiigi/units"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
@@ -54,14 +54,18 @@ func runPrune(dockerCli command.Cli, opts pruneOptions) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	dis, err := getInstanceOrDefault(ctx, dockerCli, opts.builder, "")
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli, builder.WithName(opts.builder))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	for _, di := range dis {
-		if di.Err != nil {
-			return err
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			return node.Err
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -90,11 +94,11 @@ func runPrune(dockerCli command.Cli, opts pruneOptions) error {
 	}()
 
 	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
-	for _, di := range dis {
-		func(di build.DriverInfo) {
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		func(node builder.Node) {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
-				if di.Driver != nil {
-					c, err := di.Driver.Client(ctx)
+				if node.Driver != nil {
+					c, err := node.Driver.Client(ctx)
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ func runPrune(dockerCli command.Cli, opts pruneOptions) error {
 				}
 				return nil
 			})
-		}(di)
+		}(node)
 	}
 
 	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
@@ -119,7 +123,7 @@ func runPrune(dockerCli command.Cli, opts pruneOptions) error {
 	<-printed
 
 	tw = tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 1, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
-	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Total:\t%.2f\n", units.Bytes(total))
+	fmt.Fprintf(tw, "Total:\t%s\n", units.HumanSize(float64(total)))
 	tw.Flush()
 	return nil
 }
@@ -138,8 +142,8 @@ func pruneCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	}
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
-	flags.BoolVarP(&options.all, "all", "a", false, "Remove all unused images, not just dangling ones")
-	flags.Var(&options.filter, "filter", "Provide filter values (e.g. 'until=24h')")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&options.all, "all", "a", false, "Include internal/frontend images")
+	flags.Var(&options.filter, "filter", `Provide filter values (e.g., "until=24h")`)
 	flags.Var(&options.keepStorage, "keep-storage", "Amount of disk space to keep for cache")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.verbose, "verbose", false, "Provide a more verbose output")
 	flags.BoolVarP(&options.force, "force", "f", false, "Do not prompt for confirmation")
@@ -155,9 +159,9 @@ func toBuildkitPruneInfo(f filters.Args) (*client.PruneInfo, error) {
 	if len(untilValues) > 0 && len(unusedForValues) > 0 {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("conflicting filters %q and %q", "until", "unused-for")
 	}
-	filterKey := "until"
+	untilKey := "until"
 	if len(unusedForValues) > 0 {
-		filterKey = "unused-for"
+		untilKey = "unused-for"
 	}
 	untilValues = append(untilValues, unusedForValues...)
 
@@ -168,23 +172,27 @@ func toBuildkitPruneInfo(f filters.Args) (*client.PruneInfo, error) {
 		var err error
 		until, err = time.ParseDuration(untilValues[0])
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "%q filter expects a duration (e.g., '24h')", filterKey)
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "%q filter expects a duration (e.g., '24h')", untilKey)
 		}
 	default:
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("filters expect only one value")
 	}
 
-	bkFilter := make([]string, 0, f.Len())
-	for _, field := range f.Keys() {
-		values := f.Get(field)
+	filters := make([]string, 0, f.Len())
+	for _, filterKey := range f.Keys() {
+		if filterKey == untilKey {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		values := f.Get(filterKey)
 		switch len(values) {
 		case 0:
-			bkFilter = append(bkFilter, field)
+			filters = append(filters, filterKey)
 		case 1:
-			if field == "id" {
-				bkFilter = append(bkFilter, field+"~="+values[0])
+			if filterKey == "id" {
+				filters = append(filters, filterKey+"~="+values[0])
 			} else {
-				bkFilter = append(bkFilter, field+"=="+values[0])
+				filters = append(filters, filterKey+"=="+values[0])
 			}
 		default:
 			return nil, errors.Errorf("filters expect only one value")
@@ -192,6 +200,6 @@ func toBuildkitPruneInfo(f filters.Args) (*client.PruneInfo, error) {
 	}
 	return &client.PruneInfo{
 		KeepDuration: until,
-		Filter:       []string{strings.Join(bkFilter, ",")},
+		Filter:       []string{strings.Join(filters, ",")},
 	}, nil
 }

commands/rm.go

@@ -2,52 +2,76 @@ package commands
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 type rmOptions struct {
-	builder   string
-	keepState bool
+	builder     string
+	keepState   bool
+	keepDaemon  bool
+	allInactive bool
+	force       bool
 }
 
+const (
+	rmInactiveWarning = `WARNING! This will remove all builders that are not in running state. Are you sure you want to continue?`
+)
+
 func runRm(dockerCli command.Cli, in rmOptions) error {
 	ctx := appcontext.Context()
 
-	txn, release, err := getStore(dockerCli)
+	if in.allInactive && !in.force && !command.PromptForConfirmation(dockerCli.In(), dockerCli.Out(), rmInactiveWarning) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer release()
 
-	if in.builder != "" {
-		ng, err := getNodeGroup(txn, dockerCli, in.builder)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		err1 := rm(ctx, dockerCli, ng, in.keepState)
-		if err := txn.Remove(ng.Name); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		return err1
+	if in.allInactive {
+		return rmAllInactive(ctx, txn, dockerCli, in)
 	}
 
-	ng, err := getCurrentInstance(txn, dockerCli)
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
+		builder.WithName(in.builder),
+		builder.WithStore(txn),
+		builder.WithSkippedValidation(),
+	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if ng != nil {
-		err1 := rm(ctx, dockerCli, ng, in.keepState)
-		if err := txn.Remove(ng.Name); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if cb := b.ContextName(); cb != "" {
+		return errors.Errorf("context builder cannot be removed, run `docker context rm %s` to remove this context", cb)
+	}
+
+	err1 := rm(ctx, nodes, in)
+	if err := txn.Remove(b.Name); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err1 != nil {
 		return err1
 	}
 
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "%s removed\n", b.Name)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -61,6 +85,9 @@ func rmCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			options.builder = rootOpts.builder
 			if len(args) > 0 {
+				if options.allInactive {
+					return errors.New("cannot specify builder name when --all-inactive is set")
+				}
 				options.builder = args[0]
 			}
 			return runRm(dockerCli, options)
@@ -69,27 +96,66 @@ func rmCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.keepState, "keep-state", false, "Keep BuildKit state")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.keepDaemon, "keep-daemon", false, "Keep the buildkitd daemon running")
+	flags.BoolVar(&options.allInactive, "all-inactive", false, "Remove all inactive builders")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&options.force, "force", "f", false, "Do not prompt for confirmation")
 
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func rm(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.NodeGroup, keepState bool) error {
-	dis, err := driversForNodeGroup(ctx, dockerCli, ng, "")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	for _, di := range dis {
-		if di.Driver != nil {
-			if err := di.Driver.Stop(ctx, true); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if err := di.Driver.Rm(ctx, true, !keepState); err != nil {
+func rm(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node, in rmOptions) (err error) {
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Driver == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Do not stop the buildkitd daemon when --keep-daemon is provided
+		if !in.keepDaemon {
+			if err := node.Driver.Stop(ctx, true); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
-		if di.Err != nil {
-			err = di.Err
+		if err := node.Driver.Rm(ctx, true, !in.keepState, !in.keepDaemon); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			err = node.Err
 		}
 	}
 	return err
 }
+
+func rmAllInactive(ctx context.Context, txn *store.Txn, dockerCli command.Cli, in rmOptions) error {
+	builders, err := builder.GetBuilders(dockerCli, txn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	timeoutCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 20*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(timeoutCtx)
+	for _, b := range builders {
+		func(b *builder.Builder) {
+			eg.Go(func() error {
+				nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(timeoutCtx, true)
+				if err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot load %s", b.Name)
+				}
+				if b.Dynamic {
+					return nil
+				}
+				if b.Inactive() {
+					rmerr := rm(ctx, nodes, in)
+					if err := txn.Remove(b.Name); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "%s removed\n", b.Name)
+					return rmerr
+				}
+				return nil
+			})
+		}(b)
+	}
+
+	return eg.Wait()
+}

commands/root.go

@@ -4,23 +4,60 @@ import (
 	"os"
 
 	imagetoolscmd "github.com/docker/buildx/commands/imagetools"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/logutil"
+	"github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool/annotation"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli-plugins/plugin"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
 func NewRootCmd(name string, isPlugin bool, dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Short: "Build with BuildKit",
+		Short: "Docker Buildx",
+		Long:  `Extended build capabilities with BuildKit`,
 		Use:   name,
+		Annotations: map[string]string{
+			annotation.CodeDelimiter: `"`,
+		},
 	}
 	if isPlugin {
 		cmd.PersistentPreRunE = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			return plugin.PersistentPreRunE(cmd, args)
 		}
+	} else {
+		// match plugin behavior for standalone mode
+		// https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/6c9eb708fa6d17765d71965f90e1c59cea686ee9/cli-plugins/plugin/plugin.go#L117-L127
+		cmd.SilenceUsage = true
+		cmd.SilenceErrors = true
+		cmd.TraverseChildren = true
+		cmd.DisableFlagsInUseLine = true
+		cli.DisableFlagsInUseLine(cmd)
 	}
 
+	logrus.SetFormatter(&logutil.Formatter{})
+
+	logrus.AddHook(logutil.NewFilter([]logrus.Level{
+		logrus.DebugLevel,
+	},
+		"serving grpc connection",
+		"stopping session",
+		"using default config store",
+	))
+
+	// filter out useless commandConn.CloseWrite warning message that can occur
+	// when listing builder instances with "buildx ls" for those that are
+	// unreachable: "commandConn.CloseWrite: commandconn: failed to wait: signal: killed"
+	// https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/3fb4fb83dfb5db0c0753a8316f21aea54dab32c5/cli/connhelper/commandconn/commandconn.go#L203-L214
+	logrus.AddHook(logutil.NewFilter([]logrus.Level{
+		logrus.WarnLevel,
+	},
+		"commandConn.CloseWrite:",
+		"commandConn.CloseRead:",
+	))
+
 	addCommands(cmd, dockerCli)
 	return cmd
 }
@@ -47,7 +84,7 @@ func addCommands(cmd *cobra.Command, dockerCli command.Cli) {
 		versionCmd(dockerCli),
 		pruneCmd(dockerCli, opts),
 		duCmd(dockerCli, opts),
-		imagetoolscmd.RootCmd(dockerCli),
+		imagetoolscmd.RootCmd(dockerCli, imagetoolscmd.RootOptions{Builder: &opts.builder}),
 	)
 }
 

commands/stop.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"context"
 
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/builder"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/appcontext"
@@ -17,32 +17,19 @@ type stopOptions struct {
 func runStop(dockerCli command.Cli, in stopOptions) error {
 	ctx := appcontext.Context()
 
-	txn, release, err := getStore(dockerCli)
+	b, err := builder.New(dockerCli,
+		builder.WithName(in.builder),
+		builder.WithSkippedValidation(),
+	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer release()
-
-	if in.builder != "" {
-		ng, err := getNodeGroup(txn, dockerCli, in.builder)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := stop(ctx, dockerCli, ng); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	ng, err := getCurrentInstance(txn, dockerCli)
+	nodes, err := b.LoadNodes(ctx, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if ng != nil {
-		return stop(ctx, dockerCli, ng)
-	}
 
-	return stopCurrent(ctx, dockerCli)
+	return stop(ctx, nodes)
 }
 
 func stopCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
@@ -61,46 +48,18 @@ func stopCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 		},
 	}
 
-	flags := cmd.Flags()
-
-	// flags.StringArrayVarP(&options.outputs, "output", "o", []string{}, "Output destination (format: type=local,dest=path)")
-
-	_ = flags
-
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func stop(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.NodeGroup) error {
-	dis, err := driversForNodeGroup(ctx, dockerCli, ng, "")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	for _, di := range dis {
-		if di.Driver != nil {
-			if err := di.Driver.Stop(ctx, true); err != nil {
+func stop(ctx context.Context, nodes []builder.Node) (err error) {
+	for _, node := range nodes {
+		if node.Driver != nil {
+			if err := node.Driver.Stop(ctx, true); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
-		if di.Err != nil {
-			err = di.Err
-		}
-	}
-	return err
-}
-
-func stopCurrent(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli) error {
-	dis, err := getDefaultDrivers(ctx, dockerCli, false, "")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	for _, di := range dis {
-		if di.Driver != nil {
-			if err := di.Driver.Stop(ctx, true); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-		if di.Err != nil {
-			err = di.Err
+		if node.Err != nil {
+			err = node.Err
 		}
 	}
 	return err

commands/uninstall.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"os"
 
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
@@ -54,5 +55,8 @@ func uninstallCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 		Hidden: true,
 	}
 
+	// hide builder persistent flag for this command
+	cobrautil.HideInheritedFlags(cmd, "builder")
+
 	return cmd
 }

commands/use.go

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"os"
 
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/store/storeutil"
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/dockerutil"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ type useOptions struct {
 }
 
 func runUse(dockerCli command.Cli, in useOptions) error {
-	txn, release, err := getStore(dockerCli)
+	txn, release, err := storeutil.GetStore(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ func runUse(dockerCli command.Cli, in useOptions) error {
 				return errors.Errorf("run `docker context use default` to switch to default context")
 			}
 			if in.builder == "default" || in.builder == dockerCli.CurrentContext() {
-				ep, err := getCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
+				ep, err := dockerutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ func runUse(dockerCli command.Cli, in useOptions) error {
 		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to find instance %q", in.builder)
 	}
 
-	ep, err := getCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
+	ep, err := dockerutil.GetCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -79,11 +81,8 @@ func useCmd(dockerCli command.Cli, rootOpts *rootOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	}
 
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
-
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.isGlobal, "global", false, "Builder persists context changes")
 	flags.BoolVar(&options.isDefault, "default", false, "Set builder as default for current context")
 
-	_ = flags
-
 	return cmd
 }

commands/util.go

@@ -1,477 +0,0 @@
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"net/url"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/build"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/driver"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/store"
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/platformutil"
-	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/context/docker"
-	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/context/kubernetes"
-	ctxstore "github.com/docker/cli/cli/context/store"
-	dopts "github.com/docker/cli/opts"
-	dockerclient "github.com/docker/docker/client"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
-	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd"
-)
-
-// getStore returns current builder instance store
-func getStore(dockerCli command.Cli) (*store.Txn, func(), error) {
-	s, err := store.New(getConfigStorePath(dockerCli))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	return s.Txn()
-}
-
-// getConfigStorePath will look for correct configuration store path;
-// if `$BUILDX_CONFIG` is set - use it, otherwise use parent directory
-// of Docker config file (i.e. `${DOCKER_CONFIG}/buildx`)
-func getConfigStorePath(dockerCli command.Cli) string {
-	if buildxConfig := os.Getenv("BUILDX_CONFIG"); buildxConfig != "" {
-		logrus.Debugf("using config store %q based in \"$BUILDX_CONFIG\" environment variable", buildxConfig)
-		return buildxConfig
-	}
-
-	buildxConfig := filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(dockerCli.ConfigFile().Filename), "buildx")
-	logrus.Debugf("using default config store %q", buildxConfig)
-	return buildxConfig
-}
-
-// getCurrentEndpoint returns the current default endpoint value
-func getCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli command.Cli) (string, error) {
-	name := dockerCli.CurrentContext()
-	if name != "default" {
-		return name, nil
-	}
-	de, err := getDockerEndpoint(dockerCli, name)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", errors.Errorf("docker endpoint for %q not found", name)
-	}
-	return de, nil
-}
-
-// getDockerEndpoint returns docker endpoint string for given context
-func getDockerEndpoint(dockerCli command.Cli, name string) (string, error) {
-	list, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	for _, l := range list {
-		if l.Name == name {
-			ep, ok := l.Endpoints["docker"]
-			if !ok {
-				return "", errors.Errorf("context %q does not have a Docker endpoint", name)
-			}
-			typed, ok := ep.(docker.EndpointMeta)
-			if !ok {
-				return "", errors.Errorf("endpoint %q is not of type EndpointMeta, %T", ep, ep)
-			}
-			return typed.Host, nil
-		}
-	}
-	return "", nil
-}
-
-// validateEndpoint validates that endpoint is either a context or a docker host
-func validateEndpoint(dockerCli command.Cli, ep string) (string, error) {
-	de, err := getDockerEndpoint(dockerCli, ep)
-	if err == nil && de != "" {
-		if ep == "default" {
-			return de, nil
-		}
-		return ep, nil
-	}
-	h, err := dopts.ParseHost(true, ep)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse endpoint %s", ep)
-	}
-	return h, nil
-}
-
-// getCurrentInstance finds the current builder instance
-func getCurrentInstance(txn *store.Txn, dockerCli command.Cli) (*store.NodeGroup, error) {
-	ep, err := getCurrentEndpoint(dockerCli)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	ng, err := txn.Current(ep)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if ng == nil {
-		ng, _ = getNodeGroup(txn, dockerCli, dockerCli.CurrentContext())
-	}
-
-	return ng, nil
-}
-
-// getNodeGroup returns nodegroup based on the name
-func getNodeGroup(txn *store.Txn, dockerCli command.Cli, name string) (*store.NodeGroup, error) {
-	ng, err := txn.NodeGroupByName(name)
-	if err != nil {
-		if !os.IsNotExist(errors.Cause(err)) {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-	if ng != nil {
-		return ng, nil
-	}
-
-	if name == "default" {
-		name = dockerCli.CurrentContext()
-	}
-
-	list, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	for _, l := range list {
-		if l.Name == name {
-			return &store.NodeGroup{
-				Name: "default",
-				Nodes: []store.Node{
-					{
-						Name:     "default",
-						Endpoint: name,
-					},
-				},
-			}, nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil, errors.Errorf("no builder %q found", name)
-}
-
-// driversForNodeGroup returns drivers for a nodegroup instance
-func driversForNodeGroup(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ng *store.NodeGroup, contextPathHash string) ([]build.DriverInfo, error) {
-	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
-
-	dis := make([]build.DriverInfo, len(ng.Nodes))
-
-	var f driver.Factory
-	if ng.Driver != "" {
-		f = driver.GetFactory(ng.Driver, true)
-		if f == nil {
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("failed to find driver %q", f)
-		}
-	} else {
-		dockerapi, err := clientForEndpoint(dockerCli, ng.Nodes[0].Endpoint)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		f, err = driver.GetDefaultFactory(ctx, dockerapi, false)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		ng.Driver = f.Name()
-	}
-
-	for i, n := range ng.Nodes {
-		func(i int, n store.Node) {
-			eg.Go(func() error {
-				di := build.DriverInfo{
-					Name:     n.Name,
-					Platform: n.Platforms,
-				}
-				defer func() {
-					dis[i] = di
-				}()
-				dockerapi, err := clientForEndpoint(dockerCli, n.Endpoint)
-				if err != nil {
-					di.Err = err
-					return nil
-				}
-				// TODO: replace the following line with dockerclient.WithAPIVersionNegotiation option in clientForEndpoint
-				dockerapi.NegotiateAPIVersion(ctx)
-
-				contextStore := dockerCli.ContextStore()
-
-				var kcc driver.KubeClientConfig
-				kcc, err = configFromContext(n.Endpoint, contextStore)
-				if err != nil {
-					// err is returned if n.Endpoint is non-context name like "unix:///var/run/docker.sock".
-					// try again with name="default".
-					// FIXME: n should retain real context name.
-					kcc, err = configFromContext("default", contextStore)
-					if err != nil {
-						logrus.Error(err)
-					}
-				}
-
-				tryToUseKubeConfigInCluster := false
-				if kcc == nil {
-					tryToUseKubeConfigInCluster = true
-				} else {
-					if _, err := kcc.ClientConfig(); err != nil {
-						tryToUseKubeConfigInCluster = true
-					}
-				}
-				if tryToUseKubeConfigInCluster {
-					kccInCluster := driver.KubeClientConfigInCluster{}
-					if _, err := kccInCluster.ClientConfig(); err == nil {
-						logrus.Debug("using kube config in cluster")
-						kcc = kccInCluster
-					}
-				}
-
-				d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, "buildx_buildkit_"+n.Name, f, dockerapi, dockerCli.ConfigFile(), kcc, n.Flags, n.ConfigFile, n.DriverOpts, n.Platforms, contextPathHash)
-				if err != nil {
-					di.Err = err
-					return nil
-				}
-				di.Driver = d
-				return nil
-			})
-		}(i, n)
-	}
-
-	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return dis, nil
-}
-
-func configFromContext(endpointName string, s ctxstore.Reader) (clientcmd.ClientConfig, error) {
-	if strings.HasPrefix(endpointName, "kubernetes://") {
-		u, _ := url.Parse(endpointName)
-
-		if kubeconfig := u.Query().Get("kubeconfig"); kubeconfig != "" {
-			clientConfig := clientcmd.NewNonInteractiveDeferredLoadingClientConfig(
-				&clientcmd.ClientConfigLoadingRules{ExplicitPath: kubeconfig},
-				&clientcmd.ConfigOverrides{},
-			)
-			return clientConfig, nil
-		}
-	}
-	return kubernetes.ConfigFromContext(endpointName, s)
-}
-
-// clientForEndpoint returns a docker client for an endpoint
-func clientForEndpoint(dockerCli command.Cli, name string) (dockerclient.APIClient, error) {
-	list, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	for _, l := range list {
-		if l.Name == name {
-			dep, ok := l.Endpoints["docker"]
-			if !ok {
-				return nil, errors.Errorf("context %q does not have a Docker endpoint", name)
-			}
-			epm, ok := dep.(docker.EndpointMeta)
-			if !ok {
-				return nil, errors.Errorf("endpoint %q is not of type EndpointMeta, %T", dep, dep)
-			}
-			ep, err := docker.WithTLSData(dockerCli.ContextStore(), name, epm)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			clientOpts, err := ep.ClientOpts()
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			return dockerclient.NewClientWithOpts(clientOpts...)
-		}
-	}
-
-	ep := docker.Endpoint{
-		EndpointMeta: docker.EndpointMeta{
-			Host: name,
-		},
-	}
-
-	clientOpts, err := ep.ClientOpts()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return dockerclient.NewClientWithOpts(clientOpts...)
-}
-
-func getInstanceOrDefault(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, instance, contextPathHash string) ([]build.DriverInfo, error) {
-	var defaultOnly bool
-
-	if instance == "default" && instance != dockerCli.CurrentContext() {
-		return nil, errors.Errorf("use `docker --context=default buildx` to switch to default context")
-	}
-	if instance == "default" || instance == dockerCli.CurrentContext() {
-		instance = ""
-		defaultOnly = true
-	}
-	list, err := dockerCli.ContextStore().List()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	for _, l := range list {
-		if l.Name == instance {
-			return nil, errors.Errorf("use `docker --context=%s buildx` to switch to context %s", instance, instance)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if instance != "" {
-		return getInstanceByName(ctx, dockerCli, instance, contextPathHash)
-	}
-	return getDefaultDrivers(ctx, dockerCli, defaultOnly, contextPathHash)
-}
-
-func getInstanceByName(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, instance, contextPathHash string) ([]build.DriverInfo, error) {
-	txn, release, err := getStore(dockerCli)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer release()
-
-	ng, err := txn.NodeGroupByName(instance)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return driversForNodeGroup(ctx, dockerCli, ng, contextPathHash)
-}
-
-// getDefaultDrivers returns drivers based on current cli config
-func getDefaultDrivers(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, defaultOnly bool, contextPathHash string) ([]build.DriverInfo, error) {
-	txn, release, err := getStore(dockerCli)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer release()
-
-	if !defaultOnly {
-		ng, err := getCurrentInstance(txn, dockerCli)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		if ng != nil {
-			return driversForNodeGroup(ctx, dockerCli, ng, contextPathHash)
-		}
-	}
-
-	d, err := driver.GetDriver(ctx, "buildx_buildkit_default", nil, dockerCli.Client(), dockerCli.ConfigFile(), nil, nil, "", nil, nil, contextPathHash)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return []build.DriverInfo{
-		{
-			Name:   "default",
-			Driver: d,
-		},
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func loadInfoData(ctx context.Context, d *dinfo) error {
-	if d.di.Driver == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	info, err := d.di.Driver.Info(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	d.info = info
-	if info.Status == driver.Running {
-		c, err := d.di.Driver.Client(ctx)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		workers, err := c.ListWorkers(ctx)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "listing workers")
-		}
-		for _, w := range workers {
-			for _, p := range w.Platforms {
-				d.platforms = append(d.platforms, p)
-			}
-		}
-		d.platforms = platformutil.Dedupe(d.platforms)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func loadNodeGroupData(ctx context.Context, dockerCli command.Cli, ngi *nginfo) error {
-	eg, _ := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
-
-	dis, err := driversForNodeGroup(ctx, dockerCli, ngi.ng, "")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	ngi.drivers = make([]dinfo, len(dis))
-	for i, di := range dis {
-		d := di
-		ngi.drivers[i].di = &d
-		func(d *dinfo) {
-			eg.Go(func() error {
-				if err := loadInfoData(ctx, d); err != nil {
-					d.err = err
-				}
-				return nil
-			})
-		}(&ngi.drivers[i])
-	}
-
-	if eg.Wait(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	kubernetesDriverCount := 0
-
-	for _, di := range ngi.drivers {
-		if di.info != nil && len(di.info.DynamicNodes) > 0 {
-			kubernetesDriverCount++
-		}
-	}
-
-	isAllKubernetesDrivers := len(ngi.drivers) == kubernetesDriverCount
-
-	if isAllKubernetesDrivers {
-		var drivers []dinfo
-		var dynamicNodes []store.Node
-
-		for _, di := range ngi.drivers {
-			// dynamic nodes are used in Kubernetes driver.
-			// Kubernetes pods are dynamically mapped to BuildKit Nodes.
-			if di.info != nil && len(di.info.DynamicNodes) > 0 {
-				for i := 0; i < len(di.info.DynamicNodes); i++ {
-					// all []dinfo share *build.DriverInfo and *driver.Info
-					diClone := di
-					if pl := di.info.DynamicNodes[i].Platforms; len(pl) > 0 {
-						diClone.platforms = pl
-					}
-					drivers = append(drivers, di)
-				}
-				dynamicNodes = append(dynamicNodes, di.info.DynamicNodes...)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// not append (remove the static nodes in the store)
-		ngi.ng.Nodes = dynamicNodes
-		ngi.drivers = drivers
-		ngi.ng.Dynamic = true
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func dockerAPI(dockerCli command.Cli) *api {
-	return &api{dockerCli: dockerCli}
-}
-
-type api struct {
-	dockerCli command.Cli
-}
-
-func (a *api) DockerAPI(name string) (dockerclient.APIClient, error) {
-	if name == "" {
-		name = a.dockerCli.CurrentContext()
-	}
-	return clientForEndpoint(a.dockerCli, name)
-}

commands/version.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/util/cobrautil"
 	"github.com/docker/buildx/version"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
@@ -23,5 +24,9 @@ func versionCmd(dockerCli command.Cli) *cobra.Command {
 			return runVersion(dockerCli)
 		},
 	}
+
+	// hide builder persistent flag for this command
+	cobrautil.HideInheritedFlags(cmd, "builder")
+
 	return cmd
 }

docker-bake.hcl

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+variable "GO_VERSION" {
+  default = "1.19"
+}
+variable "DOCS_FORMATS" {
+  default = "md"
+}
+variable "DESTDIR" {
+  default = "./bin"
+}
+
+# Special target: https://github.com/docker/metadata-action#bake-definition
+target "meta-helper" {
+  tags = ["docker/buildx-bin:local"]
+}
+
+target "_common" {
+  args = {
+    GO_VERSION = GO_VERSION
+    BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR = 1
+  }
+}
+
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["binaries"]
+}
+
+group "validate" {
+  targets = ["lint", "validate-vendor", "validate-docs"]
+}
+
+target "lint" {
+  inherits = ["_common"]
+  dockerfile = "./hack/dockerfiles/lint.Dockerfile"
+  output = ["type=cacheonly"]
+}
+
+target "validate-vendor" {
+  inherits = ["_common"]
+  dockerfile = "./hack/dockerfiles/vendor.Dockerfile"
+  target = "validate"
+  output = ["type=cacheonly"]
+}
+
+target "validate-docs" {
+  inherits = ["_common"]
+  args = {
+    FORMATS = DOCS_FORMATS
+    BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL = 1 // enables experimental cmds/flags for docs generation
+  }
+  dockerfile = "./hack/dockerfiles/docs.Dockerfile"
+  target = "validate"
+  output = ["type=cacheonly"]
+}
+
+target "validate-authors" {
+  inherits = ["_common"]
+  dockerfile = "./hack/dockerfiles/authors.Dockerfile"
+  target = "validate"
+  output = ["type=cacheonly"]
+}
+
+target "update-vendor" {
+  inherits = ["_common"]
+  dockerfile = "./hack/dockerfiles/vendor.Dockerfile"
+  target = "update"
+  output = ["."]
+}
+
+target "update-docs" {
+  inherits = ["_common"]
+  args = {
+    FORMATS = DOCS_FORMATS
+    BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL = 1 // enables experimental cmds/flags for docs generation
+  }
+  dockerfile = "./hack/dockerfiles/docs.Dockerfile"
+  target = "update"
+  output = ["./docs/reference"]
+}
+
+target "update-authors" {
+  inherits = ["_common"]
+  dockerfile = "./hack/dockerfiles/authors.Dockerfile"
+  target = "update"
+  output = ["."]
+}
+
+target "mod-outdated" {
+  inherits = ["_common"]
+  dockerfile = "./hack/dockerfiles/vendor.Dockerfile"
+  target = "outdated"
+  no-cache-filter = ["outdated"]
+  output = ["type=cacheonly"]
+}
+
+target "test" {
+  inherits = ["_common"]
+  target = "test-coverage"
+  output = ["${DESTDIR}/coverage"]
+}
+
+target "binaries" {
+  inherits = ["_common"]
+  target = "binaries"
+  output = ["${DESTDIR}/build"]
+  platforms = ["local"]
+}
+
+target "binaries-cross" {
+  inherits = ["binaries"]
+  platforms = [
+    "darwin/amd64",
+    "darwin/arm64",
+    "linux/amd64",
+    "linux/arm/v6",
+    "linux/arm/v7",
+    "linux/arm64",
+    "linux/ppc64le",
+    "linux/riscv64",
+    "linux/s390x",
+    "windows/amd64",
+    "windows/arm64"
+  ]
+}
+
+target "release" {
+  inherits = ["binaries-cross"]
+  target = "release"
+  output = ["${DESTDIR}/release"]
+}
+
+target "image" {
+  inherits = ["meta-helper", "binaries"]
+  output = ["type=image"]
+}
+
+target "image-cross" {
+  inherits = ["meta-helper", "binaries-cross"]
+  output = ["type=image"]
+}
+
+target "image-local" {
+  inherits = ["image"]
+  output = ["type=docker"]
+}

docs/bake-reference.md

@@ -0,0 +1,818 @@
+# Bake file reference
+
+The Bake file is a file for defining workflows that you run using `docker buildx bake`.
+
+## File format
+
+You can define your Bake file in the following file formats:
+
+- HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL)
+- JSON
+- YAML (Compose file)
+
+By default, Bake uses the following lookup order to find the configuration file:
+
+1. `docker-bake.override.hcl`
+2. `docker-bake.hcl`
+3. `docker-bake.override.json`
+4. `docker-bake.json`
+5. `docker-compose.yaml`
+6. `docker-compose.yml`
+
+Bake searches for the file in the current working directory.
+You can specify the file location explicitly using the `--file` flag:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --file=../docker/bake.hcl --print
+```
+
+## Syntax
+
+The Bake file supports the following property types:
+
+- `target`: build targets
+- `group`: collections of build targets
+- `variable`: build arguments and variables
+- `function`: custom Bake functions
+
+You define properties as hierarchical blocks in the Bake file.
+You can assign one or more attributes to a property.
+
+The following snippet shows a JSON representation of a simple Bake file.
+This Bake file defines three properties: a variable, a group, and a target.
+
+```json
+{
+  "variable": {
+    "TAG": {
+      "default": "latest"
+    }
+  },
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": ["webapp"]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "webapp": {
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "tags": ["docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+In the JSON representation of a Bake file, properties are objects,
+and attributes are values assigned to those objects.
+
+The following example shows the same Bake file in the HCL format:
+
+```hcl
+variable "TAG" {
+  "default" = "latest"
+}
+
+group "default" {
+  "targets" = ["latest"]
+}
+
+target "webapp" {
+  "dockerfile" = "Dockerfile"
+  "tags" = ["docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"]
+}
+```
+
+HCL is the preferred format for Bake files.
+Aside from syntactic differences,
+HCL lets you use features that the JSON and YAML formats don't support.
+
+The examples in this document use the HCL format.
+
+## Target
+
+A target reflects a single `docker build` invocation.
+Consider the following build command:
+
+```console
+$ docker build \
+  --file=Dockerfile.webapp \
+  --tag=docker.io/username/webapp:latest \
+  https://github.com/username/webapp
+```
+
+You can express this command in a Bake file as follows:
+
+```hcl
+target "webapp" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:latest"]
+  context = "https://github.com/username/webapp"
+}
+```
+
+The following table shows the complete list of attributes that you can assign to a target:
+
+| Name                                            | Type    | Description                                                          |
+| ----------------------------------------------- | ------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [`args`](#targetargs)                           | Map     | Build arguments                                                      |
+| [`attest`](#targetattest)                       | List    | Build attestations                                                   |
+| [`cache-from`](#targetcache-from)               | List    | External cache sources                                               |
+| [`cache-to`](#targetcache-to)                   | List    | External cache destinations                                          |
+| [`context`](#targetcontext)                     | String  | Set of files located in the specified path or URL                    |
+| [`contexts`](#targetcontexts)                   | Map     | Additional build contexts                                            |
+| [`dockerfile-inline`](#targetdockerfile-inline) | String  | Inline Dockerfile string                                             |
+| [`dockerfile`](#targetdockerfile)               | String  | Dockerfile location                                                  |
+| [`inherits`](#targetinherits)                   | List    | Inherit attributes from other targets                                |
+| [`labels`](#targetlabels)                       | Map     | Metadata for images                                                  |
+| [`no-cache-filter`](#targetno-cache-filter)     | List    | Disable build cache for specific stages                              |
+| [`no-cache`](#targetno-cache)                   | Boolean | Disable build cache completely                                       |
+| [`output`](#targetoutput)                       | List    | Output destinations                                                  |
+| [`platforms`](#targetplatforms)                 | List    | Target platforms                                                     |
+| [`pull`](#targetpull)                           | Boolean | Always pull images                                                   |
+| [`secret`](#targetsecret)                       | List    | Secrets to expose to the build                                       |
+| [`ssh`](#targetssh)                             | List    | SSH agent sockets or keys to expose to the build                     |
+| [`tags`](#targettags)                           | List    | Image names and tags                                                 |
+| [`target`](#targettarget)                       | String  | Target build stage                                                   |
+
+### `target.args`
+
+Use the `args` attribute to define build arguments for the target.
+This has the same effect as passing a [`--build-arg`][build-arg] flag to the build command.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  args = {
+    VERSION = "0.0.0+unknown"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+You can set `args` attributes to use `null` values.
+Doing so forces the `target` to use the `ARG` value specified in the Dockerfile.
+
+```hcl
+variable "GO_VERSION" {
+  default = "1.20.3"
+}
+
+target "webapp" {
+  dockerfile = "webapp.Dockerfile"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp"]
+}
+
+target "db" {
+  args = {
+    GO_VERSION = null
+  }
+  dockerfile = "db.Dockerfile"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/db"]
+}
+```
+
+### `target.attest`
+
+The `attest` attribute lets you apply [build attestations][attestations] to the target.
+This attribute accepts the long-form CSV version of attestation parameters.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  attest = [
+    "type=provenance,mode=min",
+    "type=sbom"
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### `target.cache-from`
+
+Build cache sources.
+The builder imports cache from the locations you specify.
+It uses the [Buildx cache storage backends][cache-backends],
+and it works the same way as the [`--cache-from`][cache-from] flag.
+This takes a list value, so you can specify multiple cache sources.
+
+```hcl
+target "app" {
+  cache-from = [
+    "type=s3,region=eu-west-1,bucket=mybucket",
+    "user/repo:cache",
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### `target.cache-to`
+
+Build cache export destinations.
+The builder exports its build cache to the locations you specify.
+It uses the [Buildx cache storage backends][cache-backends],
+and it works the same way as the [`--cache-to` flag][cache-to].
+This takes a list value, so you can specify multiple cache export targets.
+
+```hcl
+target "app" {
+  cache-to = [
+    "type=s3,region=eu-west-1,bucket=mybucket",
+    "type=inline"
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### `target.context`
+
+Specifies the location of the build context to use for this target.
+Accepts a URL or a directory path.
+This is the same as the [build context][context] positional argument
+that you pass to the build command.
+
+```hcl
+target "app" {
+  context = "./src/www"
+}
+```
+
+This resolves to the current working directory (`"."`) by default.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print -f - <<< 'target "default" {}'
+[+] Building 0.0s (0/0)
+{
+  "target": {
+    "default": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### `target.contexts`
+
+Additional build contexts.
+This is the same as the [`--build-context` flag][build-context].
+This attribute takes a map, where keys result in named contexts that you can
+reference in your builds.
+
+You can specify different types of contexts, such local directories, Git URLs,
+and even other Bake targets. Bake automatically determines the type of
+a context based on the pattern of the context value.
+
+| Context type    | Example                                   |
+| --------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
+| Container image | `docker-image://alpine@sha256:0123456789` |
+| Git URL         | `https://github.com/user/proj.git`        |
+| HTTP URL        | `https://example.com/files`               |
+| Local directory | `../path/to/src`                          |
+| Bake target     | `target:base`                             |
+
+#### Pin an image version
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "app" {
+    contexts = {
+        alpine = "docker-image://alpine:3.13"
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```Dockerfile
+# Dockerfile
+FROM alpine
+RUN echo "Hello world"
+```
+
+#### Use a local directory
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "app" {
+    contexts = {
+        src = "../path/to/source"
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```Dockerfile
+# Dockerfile
+FROM scratch AS src
+FROM golang
+COPY --from=src . .
+```
+
+#### Use another target as base
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> You should prefer to use regular multi-stage builds over this option. You can
+> Use this feature when you have multiple Dockerfiles that can't be easily
+> merged into one.
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "base" {
+    dockerfile = "baseapp.Dockerfile"
+}
+target "app" {
+    contexts = {
+        baseapp = "target:base"
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```Dockerfile
+# Dockerfile
+FROM baseapp
+RUN echo "Hello world"
+```
+
+### `target.dockerfile-inline`
+
+Uses the string value as an inline Dockerfile for the build target.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  dockerfile-inline = "FROM alpine\nENTRYPOINT [\"echo\", \"hello\"]"
+}
+```
+
+The `dockerfile-inline` takes precedence over the `dockerfile` attribute.
+If you specify both, Bake uses the inline version.
+
+### `target.dockerfile`
+
+Name of the Dockerfile to use for the build.
+This is the same as the [`--file` flag][file] for the `docker build` command.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  dockerfile = "./src/www/Dockerfile"
+}
+```
+
+Resolves to `"Dockerfile"` by default.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print -f - <<< 'target "default" {}'
+[+] Building 0.0s (0/0)
+{
+  "target": {
+    "default": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### `target.inherits`
+
+A target can inherit attributes from other targets.
+Use `inherits` to reference from one target to another.
+
+In the following example,
+the `app-dev` target specifies an image name and tag.
+The `app-release` target uses `inherits` to reuse the tag name.
+
+```hcl
+variable "TAG" {
+  default = "latest"
+}
+
+target "app-dev" {
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/myapp:${TAG}"]
+}
+
+target "app-release" {
+  inherits = ["app-dev"]
+  platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"]
+}
+```
+
+The `inherits` attribute is a list,
+meaning you can reuse attributes from multiple other targets.
+In the following example, the `app-release` target reuses attributes
+from both the `app-dev` and `_release` targets.
+
+```hcl
+target "app-dev" {
+  args = {
+    GO_VERSION = "1.20"
+    BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL = 1
+  }
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/myapp"]
+  dockerfile = "app.Dockerfile"
+  labels = {
+    "org.opencontainers.image.source" = "https://github.com/username/myapp"
+  }
+}
+
+target "_release" {
+  args = {
+    BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR = 1
+    BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL = 0
+  }
+}
+
+target "app-release" {
+  inherits = ["app-dev", "_release"]
+  platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"]
+}
+```
+
+When inheriting attributes from multiple targets and there's a conflict,
+the target that appears last in the `inherits` list takes precedence.
+The previous example defines the `BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL` argument twice for the `app-release` target.
+It resolves to `0` because the `_release` target appears last in the inheritance chain:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx bake --print app-release
+[+] Building 0.0s (0/0)
+{
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "app-release"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "app-release": {
+      "context": ".",
+      "dockerfile": "app.Dockerfile",
+      "args": {
+        "BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR": "1",
+        "BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL": "0",
+        "GO_VERSION": "1.20"
+      },
+      "labels": {
+        "org.opencontainers.image.source": "https://github.com/username/myapp"
+      },
+      "tags": [
+        "docker.io/username/myapp"
+      ],
+      "platforms": [
+        "linux/amd64",
+        "linux/arm64"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### `target.labels`
+
+Assigns image labels to the build.
+This is the same as the `--label` flag for `docker build`.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  labels = {
+    "org.opencontainers.image.source" = "https://github.com/username/myapp"
+    "com.docker.image.source.entrypoint" = "Dockerfile"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+It's possible to use a `null` value for labels.
+If you do, the builder uses the label value specified in the Dockerfile.
+
+### `target.no-cache-filter`
+
+Don't use build cache for the specified stages.
+This is the same as the `--no-cache-filter` flag for `docker build`.
+The following example avoids build cache for the `foo` build stage.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  no-cache-filter = ["foo"]
+}
+```
+
+### `target.no-cache`
+
+Don't use cache when building the image.
+This is the same as the `--no-cache` flag for `docker build`.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  no-cache = 1
+}
+```
+
+### `target.output`
+
+Configuration for exporting the build output.
+This is the same as the [`--output` flag][output].
+The following example configures the target to use a cache-only output,
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  output = ["type=cacheonly"]
+}
+```
+
+### `target.platforms`
+
+Set target platforms for the build target.
+This is the same as the [`--platform` flag][platform].
+The following example creates a multi-platform build for three architectures.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/arm64", "linux/arm/v7"]
+}
+```
+
+### `target.pull`
+
+Configures whether the builder should attempt to pull images when building the target.
+This is the same as the `--pull` flag for `docker build`.
+The following example forces the builder to always pull all images referenced in the build target.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  pull = "always"
+}
+```
+
+### `target.secret`
+
+Defines secrets to expose to the build target.
+This is the same as the [`--secret` flag][secret].
+
+```hcl
+variable "HOME" {
+  default = null
+}
+
+target "default" {
+  secret = [
+    "type=env,id=KUBECONFIG",
+    "type=file,id=aws,src=${HOME}/.aws/credentials"
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+This lets you [mount the secret][run_mount_secret] in your Dockerfile.
+
+```dockerfile
+RUN --mount=type=secret,id=aws,target=/root/.aws/credentials \
+    aws cloudfront create-invalidation ...
+RUN --mount=type=secret,id=KUBECONFIG \
+    KUBECONFIG=$(cat /run/secrets/KUBECONFIG) helm upgrade --install
+```
+
+### `target.ssh`
+
+Defines SSH agent sockets or keys to expose to the build.
+This is the same as the [`--ssh` flag][ssh].
+This can be useful if you need to access private repositories during a build.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  ssh = ["default"]
+}
+```
+
+```dockerfile
+FROM alpine
+RUN --mount=type=ssh \
+    apk add git openssh-client \
+    && install -m 0700 -d ~/.ssh \
+    && ssh-keyscan github.com >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts \
+    && git clone git@github.com:user/my-private-repo.git
+```
+
+### `target.tags`
+
+Image names and tags to use for the build target.
+This is the same as the [`--tag` flag][tag].
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  tags = [
+    "org/repo:latest",
+    "myregistry.azurecr.io/team/image:v1"
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### `target.target`
+
+Set the target build stage to build.
+This is the same as the [`--target` flag][target].
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  target = "binaries"
+}
+```
+
+## Group
+
+Groups allow you to invoke multiple builds (targets) at once.
+
+```hcl
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["db", "webapp-dev"]
+}
+
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:latest"]
+}
+
+target "db" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.db"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/db"]
+}
+```
+
+Groups take precedence over targets, if both exist with the same name.
+The following bake file builds the `default` group.
+Bake ignores the `default` target.
+
+```hcl
+target "default" {
+  dockerfile-inline = "FROM ubuntu"
+}
+
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["alpine", "debian"]
+}
+target "alpine" {
+  dockerfile-inline = "FROM alpine"
+}
+target "debian" {
+  dockerfile-inline = "FROM debian"
+}
+```
+
+## Variable
+
+The HCL file format supports variable block definitions.
+You can use variables as build arguments in your Dockerfile,
+or interpolate them in attribute values in your Bake file.
+
+```hcl
+variable "TAG" {
+  default = "latest"
+}
+
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"]
+}
+```
+
+You can assign a default value for a variable in the Bake file,
+or assign a `null` value to it. If you assign a `null` value,
+Buildx uses the default value from the Dockerfile instead.
+
+You can override variable defaults set in the Bake file using environment variables.
+The following example sets the `TAG` variable to `dev`,
+overriding the default `latest` value shown in the previous example.
+
+```console
+$ TAG=dev docker buildx bake webapp-dev
+```
+
+### Built-in variables
+
+The following variables are built-ins that you can use with Bake without having
+to define them.
+
+| Variable              | Description                                                                         |
+| --------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `BAKE_CMD_CONTEXT`    | Holds the main context when building using a remote Bake file.                      |
+| `BAKE_LOCAL_PLATFORM` | Returns the current platform’s default platform specification (e.g. `linux/amd64`). |
+
+### Use environment variable as default
+
+You can set a Bake variable to use the value of an environment variable as a default value:
+
+```hcl
+variable "HOME" {
+  default = "$HOME"
+}
+```
+
+### Interpolate variables into attributes
+
+To interpolate a variable into an attribute string value,
+you must use curly brackets.
+The following doesn't work:
+
+```hcl
+variable "HOME" {
+  default = "$HOME"
+}
+
+target "default" {
+  ssh = ["default=$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa"]
+}
+```
+
+Wrap the variable in curly brackets where you want to insert it:
+
+```diff
+  variable "HOME" {
+    default = "$HOME"
+  }
+
+  target "default" {
+-   ssh = ["default=$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa"]
++   ssh = ["default=${HOME}/.ssh/id_rsa"]
+  }
+```
+
+Before you can interpolate a variable into an attribute,
+first you must declare it in the bake file,
+as demonstrated in the following example.
+
+```console
+$ cat docker-bake.hcl
+target "default" {
+  dockerfile-inline = "FROM ${BASE_IMAGE}"
+}
+$ docker buildx bake
+[+] Building 0.0s (0/0)
+docker-bake.hcl:2
+--------------------
+   1 |     target "default" {
+   2 | >>>   dockerfile-inline = "FROM ${BASE_IMAGE}"
+   3 |     }
+   4 |
+--------------------
+ERROR: docker-bake.hcl:2,31-41: Unknown variable; There is no variable named "BASE_IMAGE"., and 1 other diagnostic(s)
+$ cat >> docker-bake.hcl
+
+variable "BASE_IMAGE" {
+  default = "alpine"
+}
+
+$ docker buildx bake
+[+] Building 0.6s (5/5) FINISHED
+```
+
+## Function
+
+A [set of general-purpose functions][bake_stdlib]
+provided by [go-cty][go-cty]
+are available for use in HCL files:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:latest"]
+  args = {
+    buildno = "${add(123, 1)}"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+In addition, [user defined functions][userfunc]
+are also supported:
+
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.hcl
+function "increment" {
+  params = [number]
+  result = number + 1
+}
+
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:latest"]
+  args = {
+    buildno = "${increment(123)}"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> See [User defined HCL functions][hcl-funcs] page for more details.
+
+<!-- external links -->
+
+[attestations]: https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/
+[bake_stdlib]: https://github.com/docker/buildx/blob/master/bake/hclparser/stdlib.go
+[build-arg]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#build-arg
+[build-context]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#build-context
+[cache-backends]: https://docs.docker.com/build/cache/backends/
+[cache-from]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#cache-from
+[cache-to]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#cache-to
+[context]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#build-context
+[file]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file
+[go-cty]: https://github.com/zclconf/go-cty/tree/main/cty/function/stdlib
+[hcl-funcs]: https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/hcl-funcs/
+[output]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#output
+[platform]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#platform
+[run_mount_secret]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---mounttypesecret
+[secret]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#secret
+[ssh]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_build/#ssh
+[tag]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag
+[target]: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#target
+[userfunc]: https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/tree/main/ext/userfunc

docs/docsgen/generate.go

@@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"log"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/docker/buildx/commands"
-	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
-)
-
-const descriptionSourcePath = "docs/reference/"
-
-func generateDocs(opts *options) error {
-	dockerCLI, err := command.NewDockerCli()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARG...]",
-		Short: "The base command for the Docker CLI.",
-	}
-	cmd.AddCommand(commands.NewRootCmd("buildx", true, dockerCLI))
-	return genCmd(cmd, opts.target)
-}
-
-func getMDFilename(cmd *cobra.Command) string {
-	name := cmd.CommandPath()
-	if i := strings.Index(name, " "); i >= 0 {
-		name = name[i+1:]
-	}
-	return strings.ReplaceAll(name, " ", "_") + ".md"
-}
-
-func genCmd(cmd *cobra.Command, dir string) error {
-	for _, c := range cmd.Commands() {
-		if err := genCmd(c, dir); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	if !cmd.HasParent() {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	mdFile := getMDFilename(cmd)
-	fullPath := filepath.Join(dir, mdFile)
-
-	content, err := ioutil.ReadFile(fullPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			return errors.Wrapf(err, "%s does not exist", mdFile)
-		}
-	}
-
-	cs := string(content)
-
-	markerStart := "<!---MARKER_GEN_START-->"
-	markerEnd := "<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->"
-
-	start := strings.Index(cs, markerStart)
-	end := strings.Index(cs, markerEnd)
-
-	if start == -1 {
-		return errors.Errorf("no start marker in %s", mdFile)
-	}
-	if end == -1 {
-		return errors.Errorf("no end marker in %s", mdFile)
-	}
-
-	out, err := cmdOutput(cmd, cs)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	cont := cs[:start] + markerStart + "\n" + out + "\n" + cs[end:]
-
-	fi, err := os.Stat(fullPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(fullPath, []byte(cont), fi.Mode()); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to write %s", fullPath)
-	}
-	log.Printf("updated %s", fullPath)
-	return nil
-}
-
-func makeLink(txt, link string, f *pflag.Flag, isAnchor bool) string {
-	link = "#" + link
-	annotations, ok := f.Annotations["docs.external.url"]
-	if ok && len(annotations) > 0 {
-		link = annotations[0]
-	} else {
-		if !isAnchor {
-			return txt
-		}
-	}
-
-	return "[" + txt + "](" + link + ")"
-}
-
-func cmdOutput(cmd *cobra.Command, old string) (string, error) {
-	b := &strings.Builder{}
-
-	desc := cmd.Short
-	if cmd.Long != "" {
-		desc = cmd.Long
-	}
-	if desc != "" {
-		fmt.Fprintf(b, "%s\n\n", desc)
-	}
-
-	if len(cmd.Aliases) != 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(b, "### Aliases\n\n`%s`", cmd.Name())
-		for _, a := range cmd.Aliases {
-			fmt.Fprintf(b, ", `%s`", a)
-		}
-		fmt.Fprint(b, "\n\n")
-	}
-
-	if len(cmd.Commands()) != 0 {
-		fmt.Fprint(b, "### Subcommands\n\n")
-		fmt.Fprint(b, "| Name | Description |\n")
-		fmt.Fprint(b, "| --- | --- |\n")
-		for _, c := range cmd.Commands() {
-			fmt.Fprintf(b, "| [`%s`](%s) | %s |\n", c.Name(), getMDFilename(c), c.Short)
-		}
-		fmt.Fprint(b, "\n\n")
-	}
-
-	hasFlags := cmd.Flags().HasAvailableFlags()
-
-	cmd.Flags().AddFlagSet(cmd.InheritedFlags())
-
-	if hasFlags {
-		fmt.Fprint(b, "### Options\n\n")
-		fmt.Fprint(b, "| Name | Description |\n")
-		fmt.Fprint(b, "| --- | --- |\n")
-
-		cmd.Flags().VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
-			if f.Hidden {
-				return
-			}
-			isLink := strings.Contains(old, "<a name=\""+f.Name+"\"></a>")
-			fmt.Fprint(b, "| ")
-			if f.Shorthand != "" {
-				name := "`-" + f.Shorthand + "`"
-				name = makeLink(name, f.Name, f, isLink)
-				fmt.Fprintf(b, "%s, ", name)
-			}
-			name := "`--" + f.Name
-			if f.Value.Type() != "bool" {
-				name += " " + f.Value.Type()
-			}
-			name += "`"
-			name = makeLink(name, f.Name, f, isLink)
-			fmt.Fprintf(b, "%s | %s |\n", name, f.Usage)
-		})
-		fmt.Fprintln(b, "")
-	}
-
-	return b.String(), nil
-}
-
-type options struct {
-	target string
-}
-
-func parseArgs() (*options, error) {
-	opts := &options{}
-	flags := pflag.NewFlagSet(os.Args[0], pflag.ContinueOnError)
-	flags.StringVar(&opts.target, "target", descriptionSourcePath, "Docs directory")
-	err := flags.Parse(os.Args[1:])
-	return opts, err
-}
-
-func main() {
-	if err := run(); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("error: %+v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-}
-
-func run() error {
-	opts, err := parseArgs()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if err := generateDocs(opts); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}

docs/generate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/docker/buildx/commands"
+	clidocstool "github.com/docker/cli-docs-tool"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+
+	// import drivers otherwise factories are empty
+	// for --driver output flag usage
+	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/docker"
+	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/docker-container"
+	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/kubernetes"
+	_ "github.com/docker/buildx/driver/remote"
+)
+
+const defaultSourcePath = "docs/reference/"
+
+type options struct {
+	source  string
+	formats []string
+}
+
+func gen(opts *options) error {
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+
+	dockerCLI, err := command.NewDockerCli()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:               "docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARG...]",
+		Short:             "The base command for the Docker CLI.",
+		DisableAutoGenTag: true,
+	}
+
+	cmd.AddCommand(commands.NewRootCmd("buildx", true, dockerCLI))
+
+	c, err := clidocstool.New(clidocstool.Options{
+		Root:      cmd,
+		SourceDir: opts.source,
+		Plugin:    true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, format := range opts.formats {
+		switch format {
+		case "md":
+			if err = c.GenMarkdownTree(cmd); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		case "yaml":
+			if err = c.GenYamlTree(cmd); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		default:
+			return errors.Errorf("unknown format %q", format)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func run() error {
+	opts := &options{}
+	flags := pflag.NewFlagSet(os.Args[0], pflag.ContinueOnError)
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.source, "source", defaultSourcePath, "Docs source folder")
+	flags.StringSliceVar(&opts.formats, "formats", []string{}, "Format (md, yaml)")
+	if err := flags.Parse(os.Args[1:]); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(opts.formats) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("Docs format required")
+	}
+	return gen(opts)
+}
+
+func main() {
+	if err := run(); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("ERROR: %+v", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+}

docs/guides/cicd.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# CI/CD
+
+## GitHub Actions
+
+Docker provides a [GitHub Action that will build and push your image](https://github.com/docker/build-push-action/#about)
+using Buildx. Here is a simple workflow:
+
+```yaml
+name: ci
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - 'main'
+
+jobs:
+  docker:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      -
+        name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+      -
+        name: Login to DockerHub
+        uses: docker/login-action@v2 
+        with:
+          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
+      -
+        name: Build and push
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v2
+        with:
+          push: true
+          tags: user/app:latest
+```
+
+In this example we are also using 3 other actions:
+
+* [`setup-buildx`](https://github.com/docker/setup-buildx-action) action will create and boot a builder using by
+default the `docker-container` [builder driver](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#driver).
+This is **not required but recommended** using it to be able to build multi-platform images, export cache, etc.
+* [`setup-qemu`](https://github.com/docker/setup-qemu-action) action can be useful if you want
+to add emulation support with QEMU to be able to build against more platforms.
+* [`login`](https://github.com/docker/login-action) action will take care to log
+in against a Docker registry.

docs/guides/cni-networking.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# CNI networking
+
+It can be useful to use a bridge network for your builder if for example you
+encounter a network port contention during multiple builds. If you're using
+the BuildKit image, CNI is not yet available in it, but you can create
+[a custom BuildKit image with CNI support](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/cni-networking.md).
+
+Now build this image:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --tag buildkit-cni:local --load .
+```
+
+Then [create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/) that
+will use this image:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --driver-opt "image=buildkit-cni:local" \
+  --buildkitd-flags "--oci-worker-net=cni"
+```

docs/guides/color-output.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Color output controls
+
+Buildx has support for modifying the colors that are used to output information
+to the terminal. You can set the environment variable `BUILDKIT_COLORS` to
+something like `run=123,20,245:error=yellow:cancel=blue:warning=white` to set
+the colors that you would like to use:
+
+![Progress output custom colors](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1951866/180584033-24522385-cafd-4a54-a4a2-18f5ce74eb27.png)
+
+Setting `NO_COLOR` to anything will disable any colorized output as recommended
+by [no-color.org](https://no-color.org/):
+
+![Progress output no color](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1951866/180584037-e28f9997-dd4c-49cf-8b26-04864815de19.png)
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> Parsing errors will be reported but ignored. This will result in default
+> color values being used where needed.
+
+See also [the list of pre-defined colors](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/util/progress/progressui/colors.go).

docs/guides/custom-network.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Using a custom network
+
+[Create a network](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/network_create/)
+named `foonet`:
+
+```console
+$ docker network create foonet
+```
+
+[Create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/)
+named `mybuilder` that will use this network:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --driver-opt "network=foonet"
+```
+
+Boot and [inspect `mybuilder`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_inspect/):
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx inspect --bootstrap
+```
+
+[Inspect the builder container](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/inspect/)
+and see what network is being used:
+
+{% raw %}
+```console
+$ docker inspect buildx_buildkit_mybuilder0 --format={{.NetworkSettings.Networks}}
+map[foonet:0xc00018c0c0]
+```
+{% endraw %}

docs/guides/custom-registry-config.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Using a custom registry configuration
+
+If you [create a `docker-container` or `kubernetes` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/) and
+have specified certificates for registries in the [BuildKit daemon configuration](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/buildkitd.toml.md),
+the files will be copied into the container under `/etc/buildkit/certs` and
+configuration will be updated to reflect that.
+
+Take the following `buildkitd.toml` configuration that will be used for
+pushing an image to this registry using self-signed certificates:
+
+```toml
+# /etc/buildkitd.toml
+debug = true
+[registry."myregistry.com"]
+  ca=["/etc/certs/myregistry.pem"]
+  [[registry."myregistry.com".keypair]]
+    key="/etc/certs/myregistry_key.pem"
+    cert="/etc/certs/myregistry_cert.pem"
+```
+
+Here we have configured a self-signed certificate for `myregistry.com` registry.
+
+Now [create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/)
+that will use this BuildKit configuration:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --config /etc/buildkitd.toml
+```
+
+Inspecting the builder container, you can see that buildkitd configuration
+has changed:
+
+```console
+$ docker exec -it buildx_buildkit_mybuilder0 cat /etc/buildkit/buildkitd.toml
+```
+```toml
+debug = true
+
+[registry]
+
+  [registry."myregistry.com"]
+    ca = ["/etc/buildkit/certs/myregistry.com/myregistry.pem"]
+
+    [[registry."myregistry.com".keypair]]
+      cert = "/etc/buildkit/certs/myregistry.com/myregistry_cert.pem"
+      key = "/etc/buildkit/certs/myregistry.com/myregistry_key.pem"
+```
+
+And certificates copied inside the container:
+
+```console
+$ docker exec -it buildx_buildkit_mybuilder0 ls /etc/buildkit/certs/myregistry.com/
+myregistry.pem    myregistry_cert.pem   myregistry_key.pem
+```
+
+Now you should be able to push to the registry with this builder:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --push --tag myregistry.com/myimage:latest .
+```

docs/guides/opentelemetry.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# OpenTelemetry support
+
+To capture the trace to [Jaeger](https://github.com/jaegertracing/jaeger), set
+`JAEGER_TRACE` environment variable to the collection address using a `driver-opt`.
+
+First create a Jaeger container:
+
+```console
+$ docker run -d --name jaeger -p "6831:6831/udp" -p "16686:16686" jaegertracing/all-in-one
+```
+
+Then [create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/)
+that will use the Jaeger instance via the `JAEGER_TRACE` env var:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --driver-opt "network=host" \
+  --driver-opt "env.JAEGER_TRACE=localhost:6831"
+```
+
+Boot and [inspect `mybuilder`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_inspect/):
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx inspect --bootstrap
+```
+
+Buildx commands should be traced at `http://127.0.0.1:16686/`:
+
+![OpenTelemetry Buildx Bake](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1951866/124468052-ef085400-dd98-11eb-84ab-7ac8e261dd52.png)

docs/guides/registry-mirror.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Registry mirror
+
+You can define a registry mirror to use for your builds by providing a [BuildKit daemon configuration](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/buildkitd.toml.md)
+while creating a builder with the [`--config` flags](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#config).
+
+```toml
+# /etc/buildkitd.toml
+debug = true
+[registry."docker.io"]
+  mirrors = ["mirror.gcr.io"]
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> `debug = true` has been added to be able to debug requests
+> in the BuildKit daemon and see if the mirror is effectively used.
+
+Then [create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/)
+that will use this BuildKit configuration:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --config /etc/buildkitd.toml
+```
+
+Boot and [inspect `mybuilder`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_inspect/):
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx inspect --bootstrap
+```
+
+Build an image:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --load . -f-<<EOF
+FROM alpine
+RUN echo "hello world"
+EOF
+```
+
+Now let's check the BuildKit logs in the builder container:
+
+```console
+$ docker logs buildx_buildkit_mybuilder0
+```
+```text
+...
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg="do request" request.header.accept="application/vnd.docker.container.image.v1+json, */*" request.header.user-agent=containerd/1.5.8+unknown request.method=GET spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg="fetch response received" response.header.accept-ranges=bytes response.header.age=1356 response.header.alt-svc="h3=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-29=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=\":443\"; ma=2592000,quic=\":443\"; ma=2592000; v=\"46,43\"" response.header.cache-control="public, max-age=3600" response.header.content-length=1469 response.header.content-type=application/octet-stream response.header.date="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 17:25:17 GMT" response.header.etag="\"774380abda8f4eae9a149e5d5d3efc83\"" response.header.expires="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 18:25:17 GMT" response.header.last-modified="Wed, 24 Nov 2021 21:07:57 GMT" response.header.server=UploadServer response.header.x-goog-generation=1637788077652182 response.header.x-goog-hash="crc32c=V3DSrg==" response.header.x-goog-hash.1="md5=d0OAq9qPTq6aFJ5dXT78gw==" response.header.x-goog-metageneration=1 response.header.x-goog-storage-class=STANDARD response.header.x-goog-stored-content-encoding=identity response.header.x-goog-stored-content-length=1469 response.header.x-guploader-uploadid=ADPycduqQipVAXc3tzXmTzKQ2gTT6CV736B2J628smtD1iDytEyiYCgvvdD8zz9BT1J1sASUq9pW_ctUyC4B-v2jvhIxnZTlKg response.status="200 OK" spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg="fetch response received" response.header.accept-ranges=bytes response.header.age=760 response.header.alt-svc="h3=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-29=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=\":443\"; ma=2592000,quic=\":443\"; ma=2592000; v=\"46,43\"" response.header.cache-control="public, max-age=3600" response.header.content-length=1471 response.header.content-type=application/octet-stream response.header.date="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 17:35:13 GMT" response.header.etag="\"35d688bd15327daafcdb4d4395e616a8\"" response.header.expires="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 18:35:13 GMT" response.header.last-modified="Wed, 24 Nov 2021 21:07:12 GMT" response.header.server=UploadServer response.header.x-goog-generation=1637788032100793 response.header.x-goog-hash="crc32c=aWgRjA==" response.header.x-goog-hash.1="md5=NdaIvRUyfar8201DleYWqA==" response.header.x-goog-metageneration=1 response.header.x-goog-storage-class=STANDARD response.header.x-goog-stored-content-encoding=identity response.header.x-goog-stored-content-length=1471 response.header.x-guploader-uploadid=ADPycdtR-gJYwC7yHquIkJWFFG8FovDySvtmRnZBqlO3yVDanBXh_VqKYt400yhuf0XbQ3ZMB9IZV2vlcyHezn_Pu3a1SMMtiw response.status="200 OK" spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg=fetch spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg=fetch spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg=fetch spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg=fetch spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg="do request" request.header.accept="application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip, */*" request.header.user-agent=containerd/1.5.8+unknown request.method=GET spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+time="2022-02-06T17:47:48Z" level=debug msg="fetch response received" response.header.accept-ranges=bytes response.header.age=1356 response.header.alt-svc="h3=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-29=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=\":443\"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=\":443\"; ma=2592000,quic=\":443\"; ma=2592000; v=\"46,43\"" response.header.cache-control="public, max-age=3600" response.header.content-length=2818413 response.header.content-type=application/octet-stream response.header.date="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 17:25:17 GMT" response.header.etag="\"1d55e7be5a77c4a908ad11bc33ebea1c\"" response.header.expires="Sun, 06 Feb 2022 18:25:17 GMT" response.header.last-modified="Wed, 24 Nov 2021 21:07:06 GMT" response.header.server=UploadServer response.header.x-goog-generation=1637788026431708 response.header.x-goog-hash="crc32c=ZojF+g==" response.header.x-goog-hash.1="md5=HVXnvlp3xKkIrRG8M+vqHA==" response.header.x-goog-metageneration=1 response.header.x-goog-storage-class=STANDARD response.header.x-goog-stored-content-encoding=identity response.header.x-goog-stored-content-length=2818413 response.header.x-guploader-uploadid=ADPycdsebqxiTBJqZ0bv9zBigjFxgQydD2ESZSkKchpE0ILlN9Ibko3C5r4fJTJ4UR9ddp-UBd-2v_4eRpZ8Yo2llW_j4k8WhQ response.status="200 OK" spanID=9460e5b6e64cec91 traceID=b162d3040ddf86d6614e79c66a01a577
+...
+```
+
+As you can see, requests come from the GCR registry mirror (`response.header.x-goog*`).

docs/guides/resource-limiting.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Resource limiting
+
+## Max parallelism
+
+You can limit the parallelism of the BuildKit solver, which is particularly useful
+for low-powered machines, using a [BuildKit daemon configuration](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/buildkitd.toml.md)
+while creating a builder with the [`--config` flags](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/#config).
+
+```toml
+# /etc/buildkitd.toml
+[worker.oci]
+  max-parallelism = 4
+```
+
+Now you can [create a `docker-container` builder](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/buildx_create/)
+that will use this BuildKit configuration to limit parallelism.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx create --use \
+  --name mybuilder \
+  --driver docker-container \
+  --config /etc/buildkitd.toml
+```
+
+## Limit on TCP connections
+
+We are also now limiting TCP connections to **4 per registry** with an additional
+connection not used for layer pulls and pushes. This limitation will be able to
+manage TCP connection per host to avoid your build being stuck while pulling
+images. The additional connection is used for metadata requests
+(image config retrieval) to enhance the overall build time.
+
+More info: [moby/buildkit#2259](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/pull/2259)

docs/manuals/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Buildx manuals 📚
+
+This directory contains a bunch of useful docs for how to use Buildx features.
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> The markdown files in this directory (excluding this README) are reused
+> downstream by the
+> [Docker documentation repository](https://github.com/docker/docs).
+>
+> If you wish to contribute to these docs, be sure to first review the
+> [documentation contribution guidelines](https://docs.docker.com/contribute/overview/).
+>
+> Thank you!

docs/manuals/bake/build-contexts.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Defining additional build contexts and linking targets
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/build-contexts)

docs/manuals/bake/compose-file.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Building from Compose file
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/compose-file)

docs/manuals/bake/configuring-build.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Configuring builds
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/configuring-build)

docs/manuals/bake/file-definition.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Bake file definition
+
+This page has moved to [docs/bake-reference.md](../../bake-reference.md)

docs/manuals/bake/hcl-funcs.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# User defined HCL functions
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/hcl-funcs)

docs/manuals/bake/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# High-level build options with Bake
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake)

docs/manuals/cache/backends/azblob.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Azure Blob Storage cache storage
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/cache/backends/azblob)

docs/manuals/cache/backends/gha.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# GitHub Actions cache storage
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/cache/backends/gha)

docs/manuals/cache/backends/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Cache storage backends
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/cache/backends)

docs/manuals/cache/backends/inline.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Inline cache storage
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/cache/backends/inline)

docs/manuals/cache/backends/local.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Local cache storage
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/cache/backends/local)

docs/manuals/cache/backends/registry.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Registry cache storage
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/cache/backends/registry)

docs/manuals/cache/backends/s3.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Amazon S3 cache storage
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/cache/backends/s3)

docs/manuals/drivers/docker-container.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Docker container driver
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/drivers/docker-container)

docs/manuals/drivers/docker.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Docker driver
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/drivers/docker)

docs/manuals/drivers/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Buildx drivers overview
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/drivers)

docs/manuals/drivers/kubernetes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Kubernetes driver
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/drivers/kubernetes)

docs/manuals/drivers/remote.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Remote driver
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/drivers/remote)

docs/manuals/exporters/image-registry.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Image and registry exporters
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/exporters/image-registry)

docs/manuals/exporters/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Exporters overview
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/exporters)

docs/manuals/exporters/local-tar.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Local and tar exporters
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/exporters/local-tar)

docs/manuals/exporters/oci-docker.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# OCI and Docker exporters
+
+Moved to [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com/build/building/exporters/oci-docker)

docs/reference/buildx.md

@@ -5,27 +5,39 @@ docker buildx [OPTIONS] COMMAND
 ```
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
-Build with BuildKit
+Extended build capabilities with BuildKit
 
 ### Subcommands
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`bake`](buildx_bake.md) | Build from a file |
-| [`build`](buildx_build.md) | Start a build |
-| [`create`](buildx_create.md) | Create a new builder instance |
-| [`du`](buildx_du.md) | Disk usage |
-| [`imagetools`](buildx_imagetools.md) | Commands to work on images in registry |
-| [`inspect`](buildx_inspect.md) | Inspect current builder instance |
-| [`install`](buildx_install.md) | Install buildx as a 'docker builder' alias |
-| [`ls`](buildx_ls.md) | List builder instances |
-| [`prune`](buildx_prune.md) | Remove build cache |
-| [`rm`](buildx_rm.md) | Remove a builder instance |
-| [`stop`](buildx_stop.md) | Stop builder instance |
-| [`uninstall`](buildx_uninstall.md) | Uninstall the 'docker builder' alias |
-| [`use`](buildx_use.md) | Set the current builder instance |
-| [`version`](buildx_version.md) | Show buildx version information |
+| Name                                 | Description                                |
+|:-------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------|
+| [`bake`](buildx_bake.md)             | Build from a file                          |
+| [`build`](buildx_build.md)           | Start a build                              |
+| [`create`](buildx_create.md)         | Create a new builder instance              |
+| [`du`](buildx_du.md)                 | Disk usage                                 |
+| [`imagetools`](buildx_imagetools.md) | Commands to work on images in registry     |
+| [`inspect`](buildx_inspect.md)       | Inspect current builder instance           |
+| [`install`](buildx_install.md)       | Install buildx as a 'docker builder' alias |
+| [`ls`](buildx_ls.md)                 | List builder instances                     |
+| [`prune`](buildx_prune.md)           | Remove build cache                         |
+| [`rm`](buildx_rm.md)                 | Remove a builder instance                  |
+| [`stop`](buildx_stop.md)             | Stop builder instance                      |
+| [`uninstall`](buildx_uninstall.md)   | Uninstall the 'docker builder' alias       |
+| [`use`](buildx_use.md)               | Set the current builder instance           |
+| [`version`](buildx_version.md)       | Show buildx version information            |
 
 
+### Options
+
+| Name                    | Type     | Default | Description                              |
+|:------------------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------|
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance |
+
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
+## Examples
+
+### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)
+
+You can also use the `BUILDX_BUILDER` environment variable.

docs/reference/buildx_bake.md

@@ -9,22 +9,24 @@ Build from a file
 
 ### Aliases
 
-`bake`, `f`
+`docker buildx bake`, `docker buildx f`
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| `--builder string` | Override the configured builder instance |
-| [`-f`](#file), [`--file stringArray`](#file) | Build definition file |
-| `--load` | Shorthand for --set=*.output=type=docker |
-| `--metadata-file string` | Write build result metadata to the file |
-| [`--no-cache`](#no-cache) | Do not use cache when building the image |
-| [`--print`](#print) | Print the options without building |
-| [`--progress string`](#progress) | Set type of progress output (auto, plain, tty). Use plain to show container output |
-| [`--pull`](#pull) | Always attempt to pull a newer version of the image |
-| `--push` | Shorthand for --set=*.output=type=registry |
-| [`--set stringArray`](#set) | Override target value (eg: targetpattern.key=value) |
+| Name                             | Type          | Default | Description                                                                              |
+|:---------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--builder`](#builder)          | `string`      |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                 |
+| [`-f`](#file), [`--file`](#file) | `stringArray` |         | Build definition file                                                                    |
+| `--load`                         |               |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=docker`                                               |
+| `--metadata-file`                | `string`      |         | Write build result metadata to the file                                                  |
+| [`--no-cache`](#no-cache)        |               |         | Do not use cache when building the image                                                 |
+| [`--print`](#print)              |               |         | Print the options without building                                                       |
+| [`--progress`](#progress)        | `string`      | `auto`  | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
+| [`--provenance`](#provenance)    | `string`      |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.attest=type=provenance`                                           |
+| [`--pull`](#pull)                |               |         | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                             |
+| `--push`                         |               |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.output=type=registry`                                             |
+| [`--sbom`](#sbom)                | `string`      |         | Shorthand for `--set=*.attest=type=sbom`                                                 |
+| [`--set`](#set)                  | `stringArray` |         | Override target value (e.g., `targetpattern.key=value`)                                  |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
@@ -34,123 +36,115 @@ Build from a file
 Bake is a high-level build command. Each specified target will run in parallel
 as part of the build.
 
-Read [High-level build options](https://github.com/docker/buildx#high-level-build-options) for introduction.
+Read [High-level build options with Bake](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/)
+guide for introduction to writing bake files.
 
-Please note that `buildx bake` command may receive backwards incompatible features in the future if needed. We are looking for feedback on improving the command and extending the functionality further.
+> **Note**
+>
+> `buildx bake` command may receive backwards incompatible features in the future
+> if needed. We are looking for feedback on improving the command and extending
+> the functionality further.
 
 ## Examples
 
+### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)
+
+Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
+
 ### <a name="file"></a> Specify a build definition file (-f, --file)
 
-By default, `buildx bake` looks for build definition files in the current directory,
-the following are parsed:
-
-- `docker-compose.yml`
-- `docker-compose.yaml`
-- `docker-bake.json`
-- `docker-bake.override.json`
-- `docker-bake.hcl`
-- `docker-bake.override.hcl`
-
-Use the `-f` / `--file` option to specify the build definition file to use. The
-file can be a Docker Compose, JSON or HCL file. If multiple files are specified
+Use the `-f` / `--file` option to specify the build definition file to use.
+The file can be an HCL, JSON or Compose file. If multiple files are specified
 they are all read and configurations are combined.
 
-The following example uses a Docker Compose file named `docker-compose.dev.yaml`
-as build definition file, and builds all targets in the file:
+You can pass the names of the targets to build, to build only specific target(s).
+The following example builds the `db` and `webapp-release` targets that are
+defined in the `docker-bake.dev.hcl` file:
 
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake -f docker-compose.dev.yaml
+```hcl
+# docker-bake.dev.hcl
+group "default" {
+  targets = ["db", "webapp-dev"]
+}
 
-[+] Building 66.3s (30/30) FINISHED
- => [frontend internal] load build definition from Dockerfile  0.1s
- => => transferring dockerfile: 36B                            0.0s
- => [backend internal] load build definition from Dockerfile   0.2s
- => => transferring dockerfile: 3.73kB                         0.0s
- => [database internal] load build definition from Dockerfile  0.1s
- => => transferring dockerfile: 5.77kB                         0.0s
- ...
+target "webapp-dev" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp"]
+}
+
+target "webapp-release" {
+  inherits = ["webapp-dev"]
+  platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"]
+}
+
+target "db" {
+  dockerfile = "Dockerfile.db"
+  tags = ["docker.io/username/db"]
+}
 ```
 
-Pass the names of the targets to build, to build only specific target(s). The
-following example builds the `backend` and `database` targets that are defined
-in the `docker-compose.dev.yaml` file, skipping the build for the `frontend`
-target:
-
 ```console
-$ docker buildx bake -f docker-compose.dev.yaml backend database
-
-[+] Building 2.4s (13/13) FINISHED
- => [backend internal] load build definition from Dockerfile  0.1s
- => => transferring dockerfile: 81B                           0.0s
- => [database internal] load build definition from Dockerfile 0.2s
- => => transferring dockerfile: 36B                           0.0s
- => [backend internal] load .dockerignore                     0.3s
- ...
+$ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake.dev.hcl db webapp-release
 ```
 
+See the [Bake file reference](https://docs.docker.com/build/bake/reference/)
+for more details.
+
 ### <a name="no-cache"></a> Do not use cache when building the image (--no-cache)
 
 Same as `build --no-cache`. Do not use cache when building the image.
 
 ### <a name="print"></a> Print the options without building (--print)
 
-Prints the resulting options of the targets desired to be built, in a JSON format,
-without starting a build.
+Prints the resulting options of the targets desired to be built, in a JSON
+format, without starting a build.
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx bake -f docker-bake.hcl --print db
 {
-   "target": {
-      "db": {
-         "context": "./",
-         "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-         "tags": [
-            "docker.io/tiborvass/db"
-         ]
-      }
-   }
+  "group": {
+    "default": {
+      "targets": [
+        "db"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "target": {
+    "db": {
+      "context": "./",
+      "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+      "tags": [
+        "docker.io/tiborvass/db"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
 }
 ```
 
 ### <a name="progress"></a> Set type of progress output (--progress)
 
-Same as [`build --progress`](buildx_build.md#progress). Set type of progress
-output (auto, plain, tty). Use plain to show container output (default "auto").
+Same as [`build --progress`](buildx_build.md#progress).
 
-> You can also use the `BUILDKIT_PROGRESS` environment variable to set its value.
-
-The following example uses `plain` output during the build:
-
-```console
-$ docker buildx bake --progress=plain
-
-#2 [backend internal] load build definition from Dockerfile.test
-#2 sha256:de70cb0bb6ed8044f7b9b1b53b67f624e2ccfb93d96bb48b70c1fba562489618
-#2 ...
-
-#1 [database internal] load build definition from Dockerfile.test
-#1 sha256:453cb50abd941762900a1212657a35fc4aad107f5d180b0ee9d93d6b74481bce
-#1 transferring dockerfile: 36B done
-#1 DONE 0.1s
-...
-```
+### <a name="provenance"></a> Create provenance attestations (--provenance)
 
+Same as [`build --provenance`](buildx_build.md#provenance).
 
 ### <a name="pull"></a> Always attempt to pull a newer version of the image (--pull)
 
 Same as `build --pull`.
 
+### <a name="sbom"></a> Create SBOM attestations (--sbom)
+
+Same as [`build --sbom`](buildx_build.md#sbom).
+
 ### <a name="set"></a> Override target configurations from command line (--set)
 
 ```
 --set targetpattern.key[.subkey]=value
 ```
 
-Override target configurations from command line. The pattern matching syntax is
-defined in https://golang.org/pkg/path/#Match.
-
-**Examples**
+Override target configurations from command line. The pattern matching syntax
+is defined in https://golang.org/pkg/path/#Match.
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx bake --set target.args.mybuildarg=value
@@ -161,216 +155,20 @@ $ docker buildx bake --set foo*.no-cache              # bypass caching only for
 ```
 
 Complete list of overridable fields:
-args, cache-from, cache-to, context, dockerfile, labels, no-cache, output, platform,
-pull, secrets, ssh, tags, target
 
-### File definition
-
-In addition to compose files, bake supports a JSON and an equivalent HCL file
-format for defining build groups and targets.
-
-A target reflects a single docker build invocation with the same options that
-you would specify for `docker build`. A group is a grouping of targets.
-
-Multiple files can include the same target and final build options will be
-determined by merging them together.
-
-In the case of compose files, each service corresponds to a target.
-
-A group can specify its list of targets with the `targets` option. A target can
-inherit build options by setting the `inherits` option to the list of targets or
-groups to inherit from.
-
-Note: Design of bake command is work in progress, the user experience may change
-based on feedback.
-
-
-**Example HCL definition**
-
-```hcl
-group "default" {
-    targets = ["db", "webapp-dev"]
-}
-
-target "webapp-dev" {
-    dockerfile = "Dockerfile.webapp"
-    tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp"]
-}
-
-target "webapp-release" {
-    inherits = ["webapp-dev"]
-    platforms = ["linux/amd64", "linux/arm64"]
-}
-
-target "db" {
-    dockerfile = "Dockerfile.db"
-    tags = ["docker.io/username/db"]
-}
-```
-
-Complete list of valid target fields:
-
-`args`, `cache-from`, `cache-to`, `context`, `dockerfile`, `inherits`, `labels`,
-`no-cache`, `output`, `platform`, `pull`, `secrets`, `ssh`, `tags`, `target`
-
-### HCL variables and functions
-
-Similar to how Terraform provides a way to [define variables](https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration/variables.html#declaring-an-input-variable),
-the HCL file format also supports variable block definitions. These can be used
-to define variables with values provided by the current environment, or a default
-value when unset.
-
-
-Example of using interpolation to tag an image with the git sha:
-
-```console
-$ cat <<'EOF' > docker-bake.hcl
-variable "TAG" {
-    default = "latest"
-}
-
-group "default" {
-    targets = ["webapp"]
-}
-
-target "webapp" {
-    tags = ["docker.io/username/webapp:${TAG}"]
-}
-EOF
-
-$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-   "target": {
-      "webapp": {
-         "context": ".",
-         "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-         "tags": [
-            "docker.io/username/webapp:latest"
-         ]
-      }
-   }
-}
-
-$ TAG=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-   "target": {
-      "webapp": {
-         "context": ".",
-         "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-         "tags": [
-            "docker.io/username/webapp:985e9e9"
-         ]
-      }
-   }
-}
-```
-
-
-A [set of generally useful functions](https://github.com/docker/buildx/blob/master/bake/hclparser/stdlib.go)
-provided by [go-cty](https://github.com/zclconf/go-cty/tree/main/cty/function/stdlib)
-are available for use in HCL files. In addition, [user defined functions](https://github.com/hashicorp/hcl/tree/main/ext/userfunc)
-are also supported.
-
-Example of using the `add` function:
-
-```console
-$ cat <<'EOF' > docker-bake.hcl
-variable "TAG" {
-    default = "latest"
-}
-
-group "default" {
-    targets = ["webapp"]
-}
-
-target "webapp" {
-    args = {
-        buildno = "${add(123, 1)}"
-    }
-}
-EOF
-
-$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-   "target": {
-      "webapp": {
-         "context": ".",
-         "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-         "args": {
-            "buildno": "124"
-         }
-      }
-   }
-}
-```
-
-Example of defining an `increment` function:
-
-```console
-$ cat <<'EOF' > docker-bake.hcl
-function "increment" {
-    params = [number]
-    result = number + 1
-}
-
-group "default" {
-    targets = ["webapp"]
-}
-
-target "webapp" {
-    args = {
-        buildno = "${increment(123)}"
-    }
-}
-EOF
-
-$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-   "target": {
-      "webapp": {
-         "context": ".",
-         "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-         "args": {
-            "buildno": "124"
-         }
-      }
-   }
-}
-```
-
-Example of only adding tags if a variable is not empty using an `notequal`
-function:
-
-```console
-$ cat <<'EOF' > docker-bake.hcl
-variable "TAG" {default="" }
-
-group "default" {
-    targets = [
-        "webapp",
-    ]
-}
-
-target "webapp" {
-    context="."
-    dockerfile="Dockerfile"
-    tags = [
-        "my-image:latest",
-        notequal("",TAG) ? "my-image:${TAG}": "",
-    ]
-}
-EOF
-
-$ docker buildx bake --print webapp
-{
-   "target": {
-      "webapp": {
-         "context": ".",
-         "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
-         "tags": [
-            "my-image:latest"
-         ]
-      }
-   }
-}
-```
+* `args`
+* `cache-from`
+* `cache-to`
+* `context`
+* `dockerfile`
+* `labels`
+* `no-cache`
+* `no-cache-filter`
+* `output`
+* `platform`
+* `pull`
+* `push`
+* `secrets`
+* `ssh`
+* `tags`
+* `target`

docs/reference/buildx_build.md

@@ -9,38 +9,52 @@ Start a build
 
 ### Aliases
 
-`build`, `b`
+`docker buildx build`, `docker buildx b`
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--add-host stringSlice`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-entries-to-container-hosts-file---add-host) | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip) |
-| [`--allow stringSlice`](#allow) | Allow extra privileged entitlement, e.g. network.host, security.insecure |
-| [`--build-arg stringArray`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#set-build-time-variables---build-arg) | Set build-time variables |
-| `--builder string` | Override the configured builder instance |
-| [`--cache-from stringArray`](#cache-from) | External cache sources (eg. user/app:cache, type=local,src=path/to/dir) |
-| [`--cache-to stringArray`](#cache-to) | Cache export destinations (eg. user/app:cache, type=local,dest=path/to/dir) |
-| [`-f`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specify-a-dockerfile--f), [`--file string`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specify-a-dockerfile--f) | Name of the Dockerfile (Default is 'PATH/Dockerfile') |
-| `--iidfile string` | Write the image ID to the file |
-| `--label stringArray` | Set metadata for an image |
-| [`--load`](#load) | Shorthand for --output=type=docker |
-| `--metadata-file string` | Write build result metadata to the file |
-| `--network string` | Set the networking mode for the RUN instructions during build |
-| `--no-cache` | Do not use cache when building the image |
-| [`-o`](#output), [`--output stringArray`](#output) | Output destination (format: type=local,dest=path) |
-| [`--platform stringArray`](#platform) | Set target platform for build |
-| [`--progress string`](#progress) | Set type of progress output (auto, plain, tty). Use plain to show container output |
-| `--pull` | Always attempt to pull a newer version of the image |
-| [`--push`](#push) | Shorthand for --output=type=registry |
-| `--secret stringArray` | Secret file to expose to the build: id=mysecret,src=/local/secret |
-| `--ssh stringArray` | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: default|<id>[=<socket>|<key>[,<key>]]) |
-| [`-t`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag-an-image--t), [`--tag stringArray`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag-an-image--t) | Name and optionally a tag in the 'name:tag' format |
-| [`--target string`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#specifying-target-build-stage---target) | Set the target build stage to build. |
+| Name                                                                                                                                                   | Type          | Default   | Description                                                                                         |
+|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------|:----------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--add-host`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#add-host)                                                                   | `stringSlice` |           | Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (format: `host:ip`)                                                 |
+| [`--allow`](#allow)                                                                                                                                    | `stringSlice` |           | Allow extra privileged entitlement (e.g., `network.host`, `security.insecure`)                      |
+| [`--attest`](#attest)                                                                                                                                  | `stringArray` |           | Attestation parameters (format: `type=sbom,generator=image`)                                        |
+| [`--build-arg`](#build-arg)                                                                                                                            | `stringArray` |           | Set build-time variables                                                                            |
+| [`--build-context`](#build-context)                                                                                                                    | `stringArray` |           | Additional build contexts (e.g., name=path)                                                         |
+| [`--builder`](#builder)                                                                                                                                | `string`      |           | Override the configured builder instance                                                            |
+| [`--cache-from`](#cache-from)                                                                                                                          | `stringArray` |           | External cache sources (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,src=path/to/dir`)                       |
+| [`--cache-to`](#cache-to)                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Cache export destinations (e.g., `user/app:cache`, `type=local,dest=path/to/dir`)                   |
+| [`--cgroup-parent`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#cgroup-parent)                                                         | `string`      |           | Optional parent cgroup for the container                                                            |
+| [`-f`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file), [`--file`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#file) | `string`      |           | Name of the Dockerfile (default: `PATH/Dockerfile`)                                                 |
+| `--iidfile`                                                                                                                                            | `string`      |           | Write the image ID to the file                                                                      |
+| `--invoke`                                                                                                                                             | `string`      |           | Invoke a command after the build [experimental]                                                     |
+| `--label`                                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Set metadata for an image                                                                           |
+| [`--load`](#load)                                                                                                                                      |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=docker`                                                                |
+| [`--metadata-file`](#metadata-file)                                                                                                                    | `string`      |           | Write build result metadata to the file                                                             |
+| `--network`                                                                                                                                            | `string`      | `default` | Set the networking mode for the `RUN` instructions during build                                     |
+| `--no-cache`                                                                                                                                           |               |           | Do not use cache when building the image                                                            |
+| `--no-cache-filter`                                                                                                                                    | `stringArray` |           | Do not cache specified stages                                                                       |
+| [`-o`](#output), [`--output`](#output)                                                                                                                 | `stringArray` |           | Output destination (format: `type=local,dest=path`)                                                 |
+| [`--platform`](#platform)                                                                                                                              | `stringArray` |           | Set target platform for build                                                                       |
+| `--print`                                                                                                                                              | `string`      |           | Print result of information request (e.g., outline, targets) [experimental]                         |
+| [`--progress`](#progress)                                                                                                                              | `string`      | `auto`    | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output            |
+| [`--provenance`](#provenance)                                                                                                                          | `string`      |           | Shortand for `--attest=type=provenance`                                                             |
+| `--pull`                                                                                                                                               |               |           | Always attempt to pull all referenced images                                                        |
+| [`--push`](#push)                                                                                                                                      |               |           | Shorthand for `--output=type=registry`                                                              |
+| `-q`, `--quiet`                                                                                                                                        |               |           | Suppress the build output and print image ID on success                                             |
+| [`--sbom`](#sbom)                                                                                                                                      | `string`      |           | Shorthand for `--attest=type=sbom`                                                                  |
+| [`--secret`](#secret)                                                                                                                                  | `stringArray` |           | Secret to expose to the build (format: `id=mysecret[,src=/local/secret]`)                           |
+| [`--shm-size`](#shm-size)                                                                                                                              | `bytes`       | `0`       | Size of `/dev/shm`                                                                                  |
+| [`--ssh`](#ssh)                                                                                                                                        | `stringArray` |           | SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (format: `default\|<id>[=<socket>\|<key>[,<key>]]`) |
+| [`-t`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag), [`--tag`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#tag)    | `stringArray` |           | Name and optionally a tag (format: `name:tag`)                                                      |
+| [`--target`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#target)                                                                       | `string`      |           | Set the target build stage to build                                                                 |
+| [`--ulimit`](#ulimit)                                                                                                                                  | `ulimit`      |           | Ulimit options                                                                                      |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
+Flags marked with `[experimental]` need to be explicitly enabled by setting the
+`BUILDX_EXPERIMENTAL=1` environment variable.
+
 ## Description
 
 The `buildx build` command starts a build using BuildKit. This command is similar
@@ -48,76 +62,259 @@ to the UI of `docker build` command and takes the same flags and arguments.
 
 For documentation on most of these flags, refer to the [`docker build`
 documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/). In
-here we’ll document a subset of the new flags.
+here we'll document a subset of the new flags.
 
 ## Examples
 
-### <a name="platform"></a> Set the target platforms for the build (--platform)
+### <a name="attest"></a> Create attestations (--attest)
 
 ```
---platform=value[,value]
+--attest=type=sbom,...
+--attest=type=provenance,...
 ```
 
-Set the target platform for the build. All `FROM` commands inside the Dockerfile
-without their own `--platform` flag will pull base images for this platform and
-this value will also be the platform of the resulting image. The default value
-will be the current platform of the buildkit daemon.
+Create [image attestations](https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/).
+BuildKit currently supports:
 
-When using `docker-container` driver with `buildx`, this flag can accept multiple
-values as an input separated by a comma. With multiple values the result will be
-built for all of the specified platforms and joined together into a single manifest
-list.
+- `sbom` - Software Bill of Materials.
 
-If the `Dockerfile` needs to invoke the `RUN` command, the builder needs runtime
-support for the specified platform. In a clean setup, you can only execute `RUN`
-commands for your system architecture.
-If your kernel supports [`binfmt_misc`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binfmt_misc)
-launchers for secondary architectures, buildx will pick them up automatically.
-Docker desktop releases come with `binfmt_misc` automatically configured for `arm64`
-and `arm` architectures. You can see what runtime platforms your current builder
-instance supports by running `docker buildx inspect --bootstrap`.
+  Use `--attest=type=sbom` to generate an SBOM for an image at build-time.
+  Alternatively, you can use the [`--sbom` shorthand](#sbom).
 
-Inside a `Dockerfile`, you can access the current platform value through
-`TARGETPLATFORM` build argument. Please refer to the [`docker build`
-documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#automatic-platform-args-in-the-global-scope)
-for the full description of automatic platform argument variants .
+  For more information, see [here](https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/sbom/).
 
-The formatting for the platform specifier is defined in the [containerd source
-code](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/v1.4.3/platforms/platforms.go#L63).
+- `provenance` - SLSA Provenance
+
+  Use `--attest=type=provenance` to generate provenance for an image at
+  build-time. Alternatively, you can use the [`--provenance` shorthand](#provenance).
+
+  By default, a minimal provenance attestation will be created for the build
+  result, which will only be attached for images pushed to registries.
+
+  For more information, see [here](https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/slsa-provenance/).
+
+### <a name="allow"></a> Allow extra privileged entitlement (--allow)
+
+```
+--allow=ENTITLEMENT
+```
+
+Allow extra privileged entitlement. List of entitlements:
+
+- `network.host` - Allows executions with host networking.
+- `security.insecure` - Allows executions without sandbox. See
+  [related Dockerfile extensions](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---securitysandbox).
+
+For entitlements to be enabled, the `buildkitd` daemon also needs to allow them
+with `--allow-insecure-entitlement` (see [`create --buildkitd-flags`](buildx_create.md#buildkitd-flags))
 
 **Examples**
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --platform=linux/arm64 .
-$ docker buildx build --platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/arm/v7 .
-$ docker buildx build --platform=darwin .
+$ docker buildx create --use --name insecure-builder --buildkitd-flags '--allow-insecure-entitlement security.insecure'
+$ docker buildx build --allow security.insecure .
 ```
 
-### <a name="progress"></a> Set type of progress output (--progress)
+### <a name="build-arg"></a> Set build-time variables (--build-arg)
 
-```
---progress=VALUE
-```
+Same as [`docker build` command](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/#build-arg).
 
-Set type of progress output (auto, plain, tty). Use plain to show container
-output (default "auto").
+There are also useful built-in build args like:
 
-> You can also use the `BUILDKIT_PROGRESS` environment variable to set
-> its value.
-
-The following example uses `plain` output during the build:
+* `BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR=<bool>` trigger git context to keep the `.git` directory
+* `BUILDKIT_INLINE_BUILDINFO_ATTRS=<bool>` inline build info attributes in image config or not
+* `BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=<bool>` inline cache metadata to image config or not
+* `BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM=<bool>` opt into deterministic output regardless of multi-platform output or not
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --load --progress=plain .
+$ docker buildx build --build-arg BUILDKIT_MULTI_PLATFORM=1 .
+```
 
-#1 [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
-#1 transferring dockerfile: 227B 0.0s done
-#1 DONE 0.1s
+> **Note**
+>
+> More built-in build args can be found in [Dockerfile reference docs](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#buildkit-built-in-build-args).
 
-#2 [internal] load .dockerignore
-#2 transferring context: 129B 0.0s done
-#2 DONE 0.0s
-...
+### <a name="build-context"></a> Additional build contexts (--build-context)
+
+```
+--build-context=name=VALUE
+```
+
+Define additional build context with specified contents. In Dockerfile the context can be accessed when `FROM name` or `--from=name` is used.
+When Dockerfile defines a stage with the same name it is overwritten.
+
+The value can be a local source directory, [local OCI layout compliant directory](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/image-layout.md), container image (with docker-image:// prefix), Git or HTTP URL.
+
+Replace `alpine:latest` with a pinned one:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --build-context alpine=docker-image://alpine@sha256:0123456789 .
+```
+
+Expose a secondary local source directory:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --build-context project=path/to/project/source .
+# docker buildx build --build-context project=https://github.com/myuser/project.git .
+```
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+FROM alpine
+COPY --from=project myfile /
+```
+
+#### <a name="source-oci-layout"></a> Source image from OCI layout directory
+
+Source an image from a local [OCI layout compliant directory](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/image-layout.md),
+either by tag, or by digest:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --build-context foo=oci-layout:///path/to/local/layout:<tag>
+$ docker buildx build --build-context foo=oci-layout:///path/to/local/layout@sha256:<digest>
+```
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+FROM alpine
+RUN apk add git
+COPY --from=foo myfile /
+
+FROM foo
+```
+
+The OCI layout directory must be compliant with the [OCI layout specification](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/image-layout.md).
+You can reference an image in the layout using either tags, or the exact digest.
+
+### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)
+
+Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
+
+### <a name="cache-from"></a> Use an external cache source for a build (--cache-from)
+
+```
+--cache-from=[NAME|type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]]
+```
+
+Use an external cache source for a build. Supported types are `registry`,
+`local`, `gha` and `s3`.
+
+- [`registry` source](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#registry-push-image-and-cache-separately)
+  can import cache from a cache manifest or (special) image configuration on the
+  registry.
+- [`local` source](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#local-directory-1) can
+  import cache from local files previously exported with `--cache-to`.
+- [`gha` source](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#github-actions-cache-experimental)
+  can import cache from a previously exported cache with `--cache-to` in your
+  GitHub repository
+- [`s3` source](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#s3-cache-experimental)
+  can import cache from a previously exported cache with `--cache-to` in your
+  S3 bucket
+
+If no type is specified, `registry` exporter is used with a specified reference.
+
+`docker` driver currently only supports importing build cache from the registry.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=user/app:cache .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=user/app .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=registry,ref=user/app .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=local,src=path/to/cache .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=gha .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=s3,region=eu-west-1,bucket=mybucket .
+```
+
+More info about cache exporters and available attributes: https://github.com/moby/buildkit#export-cache
+
+### <a name="cache-to"></a> Export build cache to an external cache destination (--cache-to)
+
+```
+--cache-to=[NAME|type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]]
+```
+
+Export build cache to an external cache destination. Supported types are
+`registry`, `local`, `inline`, `gha` and `s3`.
+
+- [`registry` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#registry-push-image-and-cache-separately) exports build cache to a cache manifest in the registry.
+- [`local` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#local-directory-1) exports
+  cache to a local directory on the client.
+- [`inline` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#inline-push-image-and-cache-together)
+  writes the cache metadata into the image configuration.
+- [`gha` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#github-actions-cache-experimental)
+  exports cache through the [GitHub Actions Cache service API](https://github.com/tonistiigi/go-actions-cache/blob/master/api.md#authentication).
+- [`s3` type](https://github.com/moby/buildkit#s3-cache-experimental) exports
+  cache to a S3 bucket.
+
+`docker` driver currently only supports exporting inline cache metadata to image
+configuration. Alternatively, `--build-arg BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=1` can be used
+to trigger inline cache exporter.
+
+Attribute key:
+
+- `mode` - Specifies how many layers are exported with the cache. `min` on only
+  exports layers already in the final build stage, `max` exports layers for
+  all stages. Metadata is always exported for the whole build.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=user/app:cache .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=inline .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=registry,ref=user/app .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=local,dest=path/to/cache .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=gha .
+$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=s3,region=eu-west-1,bucket=mybucket .
+```
+
+More info about cache exporters and available attributes: https://github.com/moby/buildkit#export-cache
+
+### <a name="load"></a> Load the single-platform build result to `docker images` (--load)
+
+Shorthand for [`--output=type=docker`](#docker). Will automatically load the
+single-platform build result to `docker images`.
+
+### <a name="metadata-file"></a> Write build result metadata to the file (--metadata-file)
+
+To output build metadata such as the image digest, pass the `--metadata-file` flag.
+The metadata will be written as a JSON object to the specified file. The
+directory of the specified file must already exist and be writable.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --load --metadata-file metadata.json .
+$ cat metadata.json
+```
+```json
+{
+  "containerimage.buildinfo": {
+    "frontend": "dockerfile.v0",
+    "attrs": {
+      "context": "https://github.com/crazy-max/buildkit-buildsources-test.git#master",
+      "filename": "Dockerfile",
+      "source": "docker/dockerfile:master"
+    },
+    "sources": [
+      {
+        "type": "docker-image",
+        "ref": "docker.io/docker/buildx-bin:0.6.1@sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0",
+        "pin": "sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0"
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "docker-image",
+        "ref": "docker.io/library/alpine:3.13",
+        "pin": "sha256:026f721af4cf2843e07bba648e158fb35ecc876d822130633cc49f707f0fc88c"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "containerimage.config.digest": "sha256:2937f66a9722f7f4a2df583de2f8cb97fc9196059a410e7f00072fc918930e66",
+  "containerimage.descriptor": {
+    "annotations": {
+      "config.digest": "sha256:2937f66a9722f7f4a2df583de2f8cb97fc9196059a410e7f00072fc918930e66",
+      "org.opencontainers.image.created": "2022-02-08T21:28:03Z"
+    },
+    "digest": "sha256:19ffeab6f8bc9293ac2c3fdf94ebe28396254c993aea0b5a542cfb02e0883fa3",
+    "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+    "size": 506
+  },
+  "containerimage.digest": "sha256:19ffeab6f8bc9293ac2c3fdf94ebe28396254c993aea0b5a542cfb02e0883fa3"
+}
 ```
 
 ### <a name="output"></a> Set the export action for the build result (-o, --output)
@@ -138,8 +335,6 @@ If just the path is specified as a value, `buildx` will use the local exporter
 with this path as the destination. If the value is "-", `buildx` will use `tar`
 exporter and write to `stdout`.
 
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx build -o . .
 $ docker buildx build -o outdir .
@@ -193,7 +388,7 @@ The most common usecase for multi-platform images is to directly push to a regis
 Attribute keys:
 
 - `dest` - destination path where tarball will be written. If not specified the
-tar will be loaded automatically to the current docker instance.
+  tar will be loaded automatically to the current docker instance.
 - `context` - name for the docker context where to import the result
 
 #### `image`
@@ -211,89 +406,215 @@ Attribute keys:
 
 The `registry` exporter is a shortcut for `type=image,push=true`.
 
+### <a name="platform"></a> Set the target platforms for the build (--platform)
+
+```
+--platform=value[,value]
+```
+
+Set the target platform for the build. All `FROM` commands inside the Dockerfile
+without their own `--platform` flag will pull base images for this platform and
+this value will also be the platform of the resulting image.
+
+The default value is the platform of the BuildKit daemon where the build runs.
+The value takes the form of `os/arch` or `os/arch/variant`. For example,
+`linux/amd64` or `linux/arm/v7`. Additionally, the `--platform` flag also supports
+a special `local` value, which tells BuildKit to use the platform of the BuildKit
+client that invokes the build.
+
+When using `docker-container` driver with `buildx`, this flag can accept multiple
+values as an input separated by a comma. With multiple values the result will be
+built for all of the specified platforms and joined together into a single manifest
+list.
+
+If the `Dockerfile` needs to invoke the `RUN` command, the builder needs runtime
+support for the specified platform. In a clean setup, you can only execute `RUN`
+commands for your system architecture.
+If your kernel supports [`binfmt_misc`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binfmt_misc)
+launchers for secondary architectures, buildx will pick them up automatically.
+Docker desktop releases come with `binfmt_misc` automatically configured for `arm64`
+and `arm` architectures. You can see what runtime platforms your current builder
+instance supports by running `docker buildx inspect --bootstrap`.
+
+Inside a `Dockerfile`, you can access the current platform value through
+`TARGETPLATFORM` build argument. Please refer to the [`docker build`
+documentation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#automatic-platform-args-in-the-global-scope)
+for the full description of automatic platform argument variants .
+
+The formatting for the platform specifier is defined in the [containerd source
+code](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/v1.4.3/platforms/platforms.go#L63).
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --platform=linux/arm64 .
+$ docker buildx build --platform=linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/arm/v7 .
+$ docker buildx build --platform=darwin .
+```
+
+### <a name="progress"></a> Set type of progress output (--progress)
+
+```
+--progress=VALUE
+```
+
+Set type of progress output (auto, plain, tty). Use plain to show container
+output (default "auto").
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> You can also use the `BUILDKIT_PROGRESS` environment variable to set its value.
+
+The following example uses `plain` output during the build:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --load --progress=plain .
+
+#1 [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile
+#1 transferring dockerfile: 227B 0.0s done
+#1 DONE 0.1s
+
+#2 [internal] load .dockerignore
+#2 transferring context: 129B 0.0s done
+#2 DONE 0.0s
+...
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> Check also our [Color output controls guide](https://github.com/docker/buildx/blob/master/docs/guides/color-output.md)
+> for modifying the colors that are used to output information to the terminal.
+
+### <a name="provenance"></a> Create provenance attestations (--provenance)
+
+Shorthand for [`--attest=type=provenance`](#attest), used to configure
+provenance attestations for the build result. For example,
+`--provenance=mode=max` can be used as an abbreviation for
+`--attest=type=provenance,mode=max`.
+
+Additionally, `--provenance` can be used with boolean values to broadly enable
+or disable provenance attestations. For example, `--provenance=false` can be
+used to disable all provenance attestations, while `--provenance=true` can be
+used to enable all provenance attestations.
+
+By default, a minimal provenance attestation will be created for the build
+result, which will only be attached for images pushed to registries.
+
+For more information, see [here](https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/slsa-provenance/).
 
 ### <a name="push"></a> Push the build result to a registry (--push)
 
 Shorthand for [`--output=type=registry`](#registry). Will automatically push the
 build result to registry.
 
-### <a name="load"></a> Load the single-platform build result to `docker images` (--load)
+### <a name="sbom"></a> Create SBOM attestations (--sbom)
 
-Shorthand for [`--output=type=docker`](#docker). Will automatically load the
-single-platform build result to `docker images`.
+Shorthand for [`--attest=type=sbom`](#attest), used to configure SBOM
+attestations for the build result. For example,
+`--sbom=generator=<user>/<generator-image>` can be used as an abbreviation for
+`--attest=type=sbom,generator=<user>/<generator-image>`.
 
-### <a name="cache-from"></a> Use an external cache source for a build (--cache-from)
+Additionally, `--sbom` can be used with boolean values to broadly enable or
+disable SBOM attestations. For example, `--sbom=false` can be used to disable
+all SBOM attestations.
+
+For more information, see [here](https://docs.docker.com/build/attestations/sbom/).
+
+### <a name="secret"></a> Secret to expose to the build (--secret)
 
 ```
---cache-from=[NAME|type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]]
+--secret=[type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]
 ```
 
-Use an external cache source for a build. Supported types are `registry` and `local`.
-The `registry` source can import cache from a cache manifest or (special) image
-configuration on the registry. The `local` source can import cache from local
-files previously exported with `--cache-to`.
+Exposes secret to the build. The secret can be used by the build using
+[`RUN --mount=type=secret` mount](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---mounttypesecret).
 
-If no type is specified, `registry` exporter is used with a specified reference.
+If `type` is unset it will be detected. Supported types are:
 
-`docker` driver currently only supports importing build cache from the registry.
+#### `file`
 
-**Examples**
+Attribute keys:
+
+- `id` - ID of the secret. Defaults to basename of the `src` path.
+- `src`, `source` - Secret filename. `id` used if unset.
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+FROM python:3
+RUN pip install awscli
+RUN --mount=type=secret,id=aws,target=/root/.aws/credentials \
+  aws s3 cp s3://... ...
+```
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --cache-from=user/app:cache .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-from=user/app .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=registry,ref=user/app .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-from=type=local,src=path/to/cache .
+$ docker buildx build --secret id=aws,src=$HOME/.aws/credentials .
 ```
 
-### <a name="cache-to"></a> Export build cache to an external cache destination (--cache-to)
+#### `env`
 
+Attribute keys:
+
+- `id` - ID of the secret. Defaults to `env` name.
+- `env` - Secret environment variable. `id` used if unset, otherwise will look for `src`, `source` if `id` unset.
+
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+FROM node:alpine
+RUN --mount=type=bind,target=. \
+  --mount=type=secret,id=SECRET_TOKEN \
+  SECRET_TOKEN=$(cat /run/secrets/SECRET_TOKEN) yarn run test
 ```
---cache-to=[NAME|type=TYPE[,KEY=VALUE]]
-```
-
-Export build cache to an external cache destination. Supported types are `registry`,
-`local` and `inline`. Registry exports build cache to a cache manifest in the
-registry, local exports cache to a local directory on the client and inline writes
-the cache metadata into the image configuration.
-
-`docker` driver currently only supports exporting inline cache metadata to image
-configuration. Alternatively, `--build-arg BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=1` can be used
-to trigger inline cache exporter.
-
-Attribute key:
-
-- `mode` - Specifies how many layers are exported with the cache. “min” on only
-exports layers already in the final build stage, “max” exports layers for
-all stages. Metadata is always exported for the whole build.
-
-**Examples**
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx build --cache-to=user/app:cache .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=inline .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=registry,ref=user/app .
-$ docker buildx build --cache-to=type=local,dest=path/to/cache .
+$ SECRET_TOKEN=token docker buildx build --secret id=SECRET_TOKEN .
 ```
 
-### <a name="allow"></a> Allow extra privileged entitlement (--allow)
+### <a name="shm-size"></a> Size of /dev/shm (--shm-size)
+
+The format is `<number><unit>`. `number` must be greater than `0`. Unit is
+optional and can be `b` (bytes), `k` (kilobytes), `m` (megabytes), or `g`
+(gigabytes). If you omit the unit, the system uses bytes.
+
+### <a name="ssh"></a> SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build (--ssh)
 
 ```
---allow=ENTITLEMENT
+--ssh=default|<id>[=<socket>|<key>[,<key>]]
 ```
 
-Allow extra privileged entitlement. List of entitlements:
+This can be useful when some commands in your Dockerfile need specific SSH
+authentication (e.g., cloning a private repository).
 
-- `network.host` - Allows executions with host networking.
-- `security.insecure` - Allows executions without sandbox. See
-[related Dockerfile extensions](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/frontend/dockerfile/docs/experimental.md#run---securityinsecuresandbox).
+`--ssh` exposes SSH agent socket or keys to the build and can be used with the
+[`RUN --mount=type=ssh` mount](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#run---mounttypessh).
 
-For entitlements to be enabled, the `buildkitd` daemon also needs to allow them
-with `--allow-insecure-entitlement` (see [`create --buildkitd-flags`](buildx_create.md#--buildkitd-flags-flags))
+Example to access Gitlab using an SSH agent socket:
 
-**Examples**
+```dockerfile
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+FROM alpine
+RUN apk add --no-cache openssh-client
+RUN mkdir -p -m 0700 ~/.ssh && ssh-keyscan gitlab.com >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
+RUN --mount=type=ssh ssh -q -T git@gitlab.com 2>&1 | tee /hello
+# "Welcome to GitLab, @GITLAB_USERNAME_ASSOCIATED_WITH_SSHKEY" should be printed here
+# with the type of build progress is defined as `plain`.
+```
 
 ```console
-$ docker buildx create --use --name insecure-builder --buildkitd-flags '--allow-insecure-entitlement security.insecure'
-$ docker buildx build --allow security.insecure .
+$ eval $(ssh-agent)
+$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
+(Input your passphrase here)
+$ docker buildx build --ssh default=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK .
 ```
+
+### <a name="ulimit"></a> Set ulimits (--ulimit)
+
+`--ulimit` is specified with a soft and hard limit as such:
+`<type>=<soft limit>[:<hard limit>]`, for example:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx build --ulimit nofile=1024:1024 .
+```
+
+> **Note**
+>
+> If you do not provide a `hard limit`, the `soft limit` is used
+> for both values. If no `ulimits` are set, they are inherited from
+> the default `ulimits` set on the daemon.

docs/reference/buildx_create.md

@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ Create a new builder instance
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--append`](#append) | Append a node to builder instead of changing it |
-| `--builder string` | Override the configured builder instance |
-| [`--buildkitd-flags string`](#buildkitd-flags) | Flags for buildkitd daemon |
-| [`--config string`](#config) | BuildKit config file |
-| [`--driver string`](#driver) | Driver to use (available: []) |
-| [`--driver-opt stringArray`](#driver-opt) | Options for the driver |
-| [`--leave`](#leave) | Remove a node from builder instead of changing it |
-| [`--name string`](#name) | Builder instance name |
-| [`--node string`](#node) | Create/modify node with given name |
-| [`--platform stringArray`](#platform) | Fixed platforms for current node |
-| [`--use`](#use) | Set the current builder instance |
+| Name                                    | Type          | Default | Description                                                           |
+|:----------------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--append`](#append)                   |               |         | Append a node to builder instead of changing it                       |
+| `--bootstrap`                           |               |         | Boot builder after creation                                           |
+| [`--buildkitd-flags`](#buildkitd-flags) | `string`      |         | Flags for buildkitd daemon                                            |
+| [`--config`](#config)                   | `string`      |         | BuildKit config file                                                  |
+| [`--driver`](#driver)                   | `string`      |         | Driver to use (available: `docker-container`, `kubernetes`, `remote`) |
+| [`--driver-opt`](#driver-opt)           | `stringArray` |         | Options for the driver                                                |
+| [`--leave`](#leave)                     |               |         | Remove a node from builder instead of changing it                     |
+| [`--name`](#name)                       | `string`      |         | Builder instance name                                                 |
+| [`--node`](#node)                       | `string`      |         | Create/modify node with given name                                    |
+| [`--platform`](#platform)               | `stringArray` |         | Fixed platforms for current node                                      |
+| [`--use`](#use)                         |               |         | Set the current builder instance                                      |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
@@ -47,8 +47,6 @@ The `--append` flag changes the action of the command to append a new node to an
 existing builder specified by `--name`. Buildx will choose an appropriate node
 for a build based on the platforms it supports.
 
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx create mycontext1
 eager_beaver
@@ -64,11 +62,9 @@ eager_beaver
 ```
 
 Adds flags when starting the buildkitd daemon. They take precedence over the
-configuration file specified by [`--config`](#--config-file). See `buildkitd --help`
+configuration file specified by [`--config`](#config). See `buildkitd --help`
 for the available flags.
 
-**Example**
-
 ```
 --buildkitd-flags '--debug --debugaddr 0.0.0.0:6666'
 ```
@@ -80,9 +76,19 @@ for the available flags.
 ```
 
 Specifies the configuration file for the buildkitd daemon to use. The configuration
-can be overridden by [`--buildkitd-flags`](#--buildkitd-flags-flags).
+can be overridden by [`--buildkitd-flags`](#buildkitd-flags).
 See an [example buildkitd configuration file](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/buildkitd.toml.md).
 
+If the configuration file is not specified, will look for one by default in:
+* `$BUILDX_CONFIG/buildkitd.default.toml`
+* `$DOCKER_CONFIG/buildx/buildkitd.default.toml`
+* `~/.docker/buildx/buildkitd.default.toml`
+
+Note that if you create a `docker-container` builder and have specified
+certificates for registries in the `buildkitd.toml` configuration, the files
+will be copied into the container under `/etc/buildkit/certs` and configuration
+will be updated to reflect that.
+
 ### <a name="driver"></a> Set the builder driver to use (--driver)
 
 ```
@@ -92,17 +98,40 @@ See an [example buildkitd configuration file](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/b
 Sets the builder driver to be used. There are two available drivers, each have
 their own specificities.
 
-- `docker` - Uses the builder that is built into the docker daemon. With this
-  driver, the [`--load`](buildx_build.md#--load) flag is implied by default on
-  `buildx build`. However, building multi-platform images or exporting cache is
-  not currently supported.
-- `docker-container` - Uses a buildkit container that will be spawned via docker.
-  With this driver, both building multi-platform images and exporting cache are
-  supported. However, images built will not automatically appear in `docker images`
-  (see [`build --load`](buildx_build.md#--load)).
-- `kubernetes` - Uses a kubernetes pods. With this driver, you can spin up pods
-  with defined buildkit container image to build your images.
+#### `docker` driver
 
+Uses the builder that is built into the docker daemon. With this driver,
+the [`--load`](buildx_build.md#load) flag is implied by default on
+`buildx build`. However, building multi-platform images or exporting cache is
+not currently supported.
+
+#### `docker-container` driver
+
+Uses a BuildKit container that will be spawned via docker. With this driver,
+both building multi-platform images and exporting cache are supported.
+
+Unlike `docker` driver, built images will not automatically appear in
+`docker images` and [`build --load`](buildx_build.md#load) needs to be used
+to achieve that.
+
+#### `kubernetes` driver
+
+Uses a kubernetes pods. With this driver, you can spin up pods with defined
+BuildKit container image to build your images.
+
+Unlike `docker` driver, built images will not automatically appear in
+`docker images` and [`build --load`](buildx_build.md#load) needs to be used
+to achieve that.
+
+#### `remote` driver
+
+Uses a remote instance of buildkitd over an arbitrary connection. With this
+driver, you manually create and manage instances of buildkit yourself, and
+configure buildx to point at it.
+
+Unlike `docker` driver, built images will not automatically appear in
+`docker images` and [`build --load`](buildx_build.md#load) needs to be used
+to achieve that.
 
 ### <a name="driver-opt"></a> Set additional driver-specific options (--driver-opt)
 
@@ -110,28 +139,43 @@ their own specificities.
 --driver-opt OPTIONS
 ```
 
-Passes additional driver-specific options. Details for each driver:
+Passes additional driver-specific options.
 
-- `docker` - No driver options
-- `docker-container`
-    - `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
-    - `network=NETMODE` - Sets the network mode for running the buildkit container.
-    - Example:
+Note: When using quoted values for example for the `nodeselector` or
+`tolerations` options, ensure that quotes are escaped correctly for your shell.
 
-      ```console
-      --driver docker-container --driver-opt image=moby/buildkit:master,network=host
-      ```
-- `kubernetes`
-    - `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
-    - `namespace=NS` - Sets the Kubernetes namespace. Defaults to the current namespace.
-    - `replicas=N` - Sets the number of `Pod` replicas. Defaults to 1.
-    - `requests.cpu` - Sets the request CPU value specified in units of Kubernetes CPU. Example `requests.cpu=100m`, `requests.cpu=2`
-    - `requests.memory` - Sets the request memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `requests.memory=500Mi`, `requests.memory=4G`
-    - `limits.cpu` - Sets the limit CPU value specified in units of Kubernetes CPU. Example `limits.cpu=100m`, `limits.cpu=2`
-    - `limits.memory` - Sets the limit memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `limits.memory=500Mi`, `limits.memory=4G`
-    - `nodeselector="label1=value1,label2=value2"` - Sets the kv of `Pod` nodeSelector. No Defaults. Example `nodeselector=kubernetes.io/arch=arm64`
-    - `rootless=(true|false)` - Run the container as a non-root user without `securityContext.privileged`. [Using Ubuntu host kernel is recommended](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/rootless.md). Defaults to false.
-    - `loadbalance=(sticky|random)` - Load-balancing strategy. If set to "sticky", the pod is chosen using the hash of the context path. Defaults to "sticky"
+#### `docker` driver
+
+No driver options.
+
+#### `docker-container` driver
+
+- `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
+- `network=NETMODE` - Sets the network mode for running the buildkit container.
+- `cgroup-parent=CGROUP` - Sets the cgroup parent of the buildkit container if docker is using the "cgroupfs" driver. Defaults to `/docker/buildx`.
+
+#### `kubernetes` driver
+
+- `image=IMAGE` - Sets the container image to be used for running buildkit.
+- `namespace=NS` - Sets the Kubernetes namespace. Defaults to the current namespace.
+- `replicas=N` - Sets the number of `Pod` replicas. Defaults to 1.
+- `requests.cpu` - Sets the request CPU value specified in units of Kubernetes CPU. Example `requests.cpu=100m`, `requests.cpu=2`
+- `requests.memory` - Sets the request memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `requests.memory=500Mi`, `requests.memory=4G`
+- `limits.cpu` - Sets the limit CPU value specified in units of Kubernetes CPU. Example `limits.cpu=100m`, `limits.cpu=2`
+- `limits.memory` - Sets the limit memory value specified in bytes or with a valid suffix. Example `limits.memory=500Mi`, `limits.memory=4G`
+- `"nodeselector=label1=value1,label2=value2"` - Sets the kv of `Pod` nodeSelector. No Defaults. Example `nodeselector=kubernetes.io/arch=arm64`
+- `"tolerations=key=foo,value=bar;key=foo2,operator=exists;key=foo3,effect=NoSchedule"` - Sets the `Pod` tolerations. Accepts the same values as the kube manifest tolera>tions. Key-value pairs are separated by `,`, tolerations are separated by `;`. No Defaults. Example `tolerations=operator=exists`
+- `rootless=(true|false)` - Run the container as a non-root user without `securityContext.privileged`. Needs Kubernetes 1.19 or later. [Using Ubuntu host kernel is recommended](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/rootless.md). Defaults to false.
+- `loadbalance=(sticky|random)` - Load-balancing strategy. If set to "sticky", the pod is chosen using the hash of the context path. Defaults to "sticky"
+- `qemu.install=(true|false)` - Install QEMU emulation for multi platforms support.
+- `qemu.image=IMAGE` - Sets the QEMU emulation image. Defaults to `tonistiigi/binfmt:latest`
+
+#### `remote` driver
+
+- `key=KEY` - Sets the TLS client key.
+- `cert=CERT` - Sets the TLS client certificate to present to buildkitd.
+- `cacert=CACERT` - Sets the TLS certificate authority used for validation.
+- `servername=SERVER` - Sets the TLS server name to be used in requests (defaults to the endpoint hostname).
 
 ### <a name="leave"></a> Remove a node from a builder (--leave)
 
@@ -139,8 +183,6 @@ The `--leave` flag changes the action of the command to remove a node from a
 builder. The builder needs to be specified with `--name` and node that is removed
 is set with `--node`.
 
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx create --name mybuilder --node mybuilder0 --leave
 ```
@@ -164,7 +206,7 @@ The `--node` flag specifies the name of the node to be created or modified. If
 none is specified, it is the name of the builder it belongs to, with an index
 number suffix.
 
-### <a name="platform"></a> Set the platforms supported by the node
+### <a name="platform"></a> Set the platforms supported by the node (--platform)
 
 ```
 --platform PLATFORMS
@@ -176,14 +218,12 @@ will also automatically detect the platforms it supports, but manual values take
 priority over the detected ones and can be used when multiple nodes support
 building for the same platform.
 
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx create --platform linux/amd64
 $ docker buildx create --platform linux/arm64,linux/arm/v8
 ```
 
-### <a name="use"></a> Automatically switch to the newly created builder
+### <a name="use"></a> Automatically switch to the newly created builder (--use)
 
 The `--use` flag automatically switches the current builder to the newly created
 one. Equivalent to running `docker buildx use $(docker buildx create ...)`.

docs/reference/buildx_du.md

@@ -9,11 +9,17 @@ Disk usage
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| `--builder string` | Override the configured builder instance |
-| `--filter filter` | Provide filter values |
-| `--verbose` | Provide a more verbose output |
+| Name                    | Type     | Default | Description                              |
+|:------------------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------|
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance |
+| `--filter`              | `filter` |         | Provide filter values                    |
+| `--verbose`             |          |         | Provide a more verbose output            |
 
 
-<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+<!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
+
+## Examples
+
+### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)
+
+Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).

docs/reference/buildx_imagetools.md

@@ -9,12 +9,18 @@ Commands to work on images in registry
 
 ### Subcommands
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`create`](buildx_imagetools_create.md) | Create a new image based on source images |
-| [`inspect`](buildx_imagetools_inspect.md) | Show details of image in the registry |
+| Name                                      | Description                               |
+|:------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------|
+| [`create`](buildx_imagetools_create.md)   | Create a new image based on source images |
+| [`inspect`](buildx_imagetools_inspect.md) | Show details of an image in the registry  |
 
 
+### Options
+
+| Name                    | Type     | Default | Description                              |
+|:------------------------|:---------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------|
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |         | Override the configured builder instance |
+
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
@@ -22,3 +28,9 @@ Commands to work on images in registry
 
 Imagetools contains commands for working with manifest lists in the registry.
 These commands are useful for inspecting multi-platform build results.
+
+## Examples
+
+### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)
+
+Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).

docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_create.md

@@ -9,22 +9,20 @@ Create a new image based on source images
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| [`--append`](#append) | Append to existing manifest |
-| `--builder string` | Override the configured builder instance |
-| [`--dry-run`](#dry-run) | Show final image instead of pushing |
-| [`-f`](#file), [`--file stringArray`](#file) | Read source descriptor from file |
-| [`-t`](#tag), [`--tag stringArray`](#tag) | Set reference for new image |
+| Name                             | Type          | Default | Description                                                                              |
+|:---------------------------------|:--------------|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [`--append`](#append)            |               |         | Append to existing manifest                                                              |
+| [`--builder`](#builder)          | `string`      |         | Override the configured builder instance                                                 |
+| [`--dry-run`](#dry-run)          |               |         | Show final image instead of pushing                                                      |
+| [`-f`](#file), [`--file`](#file) | `stringArray` |         | Read source descriptor from file                                                         |
+| `--progress`                     | `string`      | `auto`  | Set type of progress output (`auto`, `plain`, `tty`). Use plain to show container output |
+| [`-t`](#tag), [`--tag`](#tag)    | `stringArray` |         | Set reference for new image                                                              |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
 ## Description
 
-Imagetools contains commands for working with manifest lists in the registry.
-These commands are useful for inspecting multi-platform build results.
-
 Create a new manifest list based on source manifests. The source manifests can
 be manifest lists or single platform distribution manifests and must already
 exist in the registry where the new manifest is created. If only one source is
@@ -37,6 +35,10 @@ specified, create performs a carbon copy.
 Use the `--append` flag to append the new sources to an existing manifest list
 in the destination.
 
+### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)
+
+Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
+
 ### <a name="dry-run"></a> Show final image instead of pushing (--dry-run)
 
 Use the `--dry-run` flag to not push the image, just show it.
@@ -53,16 +55,15 @@ or a JSON of OCI descriptor object.
 In order to define annotations or additional platform properties like `os.version` and
 `os.features` you need to add them in the OCI descriptor object encoded in JSON.
 
-```
-docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw alpine | jq '.manifests[0] | .platform."os.version"="10.1"' > descr.json
-docker buildx imagetools create -f descr.json myuser/image
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw alpine | jq '.manifests[0] | .platform."os.version"="10.1"' > descr.json
+$ docker buildx imagetools create -f descr.json myuser/image
 ```
 
 The descriptor in the file is merged with existing descriptor in the registry if it exists.
 
 The supported fields for the descriptor are defined in [OCI spec](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/master/descriptor.md#properties) .
 
-
 ### <a name="tag"></a> Set reference for new image  (-t, --tag)
 
 ```
@@ -71,10 +72,7 @@ The supported fields for the descriptor are defined in [OCI spec](https://github
 
 Use the `-t` or `--tag` flag to set the name of the image to be created.
 
-**Examples**
-
 ```console
 $ docker buildx imagetools create --dry-run alpine@sha256:5c40b3c27b9f13c873fefb2139765c56ce97fd50230f1f2d5c91e55dec171907 sha256:c4ba6347b0e4258ce6a6de2401619316f982b7bcc529f73d2a410d0097730204
-
 $ docker buildx imagetools create -t tonistiigi/myapp -f image1 -f image2
 ```

docs/reference/buildx_imagetools_inspect.md

@@ -5,43 +5,690 @@ docker buildx imagetools inspect [OPTIONS] NAME
 ```
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_START-->
-Show details of image in the registry
+Show details of an image in the registry
 
 ### Options
 
-| Name | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| `--builder string` | Override the configured builder instance |
-| [`--raw`](#raw) | Show original JSON manifest |
+| Name                    | Type     | Default         | Description                                   |
+|:------------------------|:---------|:----------------|:----------------------------------------------|
+| [`--builder`](#builder) | `string` |                 | Override the configured builder instance      |
+| [`--format`](#format)   | `string` | `{{.Manifest}}` | Format the output using the given Go template |
+| [`--raw`](#raw)         |          |                 | Show original, unformatted JSON manifest      |
 
 
 <!---MARKER_GEN_END-->
 
 ## Description
 
-Show details of image in the registry.
-
-Example:
+Show details of an image in the registry.
 
 ```console
 $ docker buildx imagetools inspect alpine
-
 Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest
 MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json
-Digest:    sha256:28ef97b8686a0b5399129e9b763d5b7e5ff03576aa5580d6f4182a49c5fe1913
+Digest:    sha256:21a3deaa0d32a8057914f36584b5288d2e5ecc984380bc0118285c70fa8c9300
 
 Manifests:
-  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:5c40b3c27b9f13c873fefb2139765c56ce97fd50230f1f2d5c91e55dec171907
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:e7d88de73db3d3fd9b2d63aa7f447a10fd0220b7cbf39803c803f2af9ba256b3
   MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
   Platform:  linux/amd64
 
-  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:c4ba6347b0e4258ce6a6de2401619316f982b7bcc529f73d2a410d0097730204
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:e047bc2af17934d38c5a7fa9f46d443f1de3a7675546402592ef805cfa929f9d
   MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
   Platform:  linux/arm/v6
- ...
+
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:8483ecd016885d8dba70426fda133c30466f661bb041490d525658f1aac73822
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/arm/v7
+
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:c74f1b1166784193ea6c8f9440263b9be6cae07dfe35e32a5df7a31358ac2060
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/arm64/v8
+
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:2689e157117d2da668ad4699549e55eba1ceb79cb7862368b30919f0488213f4
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/386
+
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:2042a492bcdd847a01cd7f119cd48caa180da696ed2aedd085001a78664407d6
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/ppc64le
+
+  Name:      docker.io/library/alpine:latest@sha256:49e322ab6690e73a4909f787bcbdb873631264ff4a108cddfd9f9c249ba1d58e
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/s390x
+```
+
+## Examples
+
+### <a name="builder"></a> Override the configured builder instance (--builder)
+
+Same as [`buildx --builder`](buildx.md#builder).
+
+### <a name="format"></a> Format the output (--format)
+
+Format the output using the given Go template. Defaults to `{{.Manifest}}` if
+unset. Following fields are available:
+
+* `.Name`: provides the reference of the image
+* `.Manifest`: provides the manifest or manifest list
+* `.Image`: provides the image config
+
+#### `.Name`
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect alpine --format "{{.Name}}"
+Name: docker.io/library/alpine:latest
+```
+
+#### `.Manifest`
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/loop --format "{{.Manifest}}"
+Name:      docker.io/crazymax/loop:latest
+MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+Digest:    sha256:08602e7340970e92bde5e0a2e887c1fde4d9ae753d1e05efb4c8ef3b609f97f1
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect moby/buildkit:master --format "{{.Manifest}}"
+Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master
+MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json
+Digest:    sha256:3183f7ce54d1efb44c34b84f428ae10aaf141e553c6b52a7ff44cc7083a05a66
+
+Manifests:
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:667d28c9fb33820ce686887a717a148e89fa77f9097f9352996bbcce99d352b1
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/amd64
+
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:71789527b64ab3d7b3de01d364b449cd7f7a3da758218fbf73b9c9aae05a6775
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/arm/v7
+
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:fb64667e1ce6ab0d05478f3a8402af07b27737598dcf9a510fb1d792b13a66be
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/arm64
+
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:1c3ddf95a0788e23f72f25800c05abc4458946685e2b66788c3d978cde6da92b
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/s390x
+
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:05bcde6d460a284e5bc88026cd070277e8380355de3126cbc8fe8a452708c6b1
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/ppc64le
+
+  Name:      docker.io/moby/buildkit:master@sha256:c04c57765304ab84f4f9807fff3e11605c3a60e16435c734b02c723680f6bd6e
+  MediaType: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json
+  Platform:  linux/riscv64
+```
+
+#### JSON output
+
+A `json` go template func is also available if you want to render fields as
+JSON bytes:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/loop --format "{{json .Manifest}}"
+```
+```json
+{
+  "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+  "digest": "sha256:a9ca35b798e0b198f9be7f3b8b53982e9a6cf96814cb10d78083f40ad8c127f1",
+  "size": 949
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect moby/buildkit:master --format "{{json .Manifest}}"
+```
+```json
+{
+  "schemaVersion": 2,
+  "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json",
+  "digest": "sha256:d895e8fdcf5e2bb39acb5966f97fc4cd87a2d13d27c939c320025eb4aca5440c",
+  "size": 4654,
+  "manifests": [
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:ac9dd4fbec9e36b562f910618975a2936533f8e411a3fea2858aacc0ac972e1c",
+      "size": 1054,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "amd64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:0f4dc6797db467372cbf52c7236816203654a839f64a6542c9135d1973c9d744",
+      "size": 1054,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "arm",
+        "os": "linux",
+        "variant": "v7"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:d62bb533d95afe17c4a9caf1e7c57a3b0a7a67409ccfa7af947aeb0f670ffb87",
+      "size": 1054,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "arm64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:b4944057e0c68203cdcc3dceff3b2df3c7d9e3dd801724fa977b01081da7771e",
+      "size": 1054,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "s390x",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:825702a51eb4234904fc9253d8b0bf0a584787ffd8fc3fd6fa374188233ce399",
+      "size": 1054,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "ppc64le",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:dfb27c6acc9b9f3a7c9d47366d137089565062f43c8063c9f5e408d34c87ee4a",
+      "size": 1054,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "riscv64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:f2fe69bccc878e658caf21dfc99eaf726fb20d28f17398c1d66a90e62cc019f9",
+      "size": 1113,
+      "annotations": {
+        "vnd.docker.reference.digest": "sha256:ac9dd4fbec9e36b562f910618975a2936533f8e411a3fea2858aacc0ac972e1c",
+        "vnd.docker.reference.type": "attestation-manifest"
+      },
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "unknown",
+        "os": "unknown"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:9e112f8d4e383186f36369fba7b454e246d2e9ca5def797f1b84ede265e9f3ca",
+      "size": 1113,
+      "annotations": {
+        "vnd.docker.reference.digest": "sha256:0f4dc6797db467372cbf52c7236816203654a839f64a6542c9135d1973c9d744",
+        "vnd.docker.reference.type": "attestation-manifest"
+      },
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "unknown",
+        "os": "unknown"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:09d593587f8665269ec6753eaed7fbdb09968f71587dd53e06519502cbc16775",
+      "size": 1113,
+      "annotations": {
+        "vnd.docker.reference.digest": "sha256:d62bb533d95afe17c4a9caf1e7c57a3b0a7a67409ccfa7af947aeb0f670ffb87",
+        "vnd.docker.reference.type": "attestation-manifest"
+      },
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "unknown",
+        "os": "unknown"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:985a3f4544dfb042db6a8703f5f76438667dd7958aba14cb04bebe3b4cbd9307",
+      "size": 1113,
+      "annotations": {
+        "vnd.docker.reference.digest": "sha256:b4944057e0c68203cdcc3dceff3b2df3c7d9e3dd801724fa977b01081da7771e",
+        "vnd.docker.reference.type": "attestation-manifest"
+      },
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "unknown",
+        "os": "unknown"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:cfccb6afeede7dc29bf8abef4815d56f2723fa482ea63c9cd519cd991c379294",
+      "size": 1113,
+      "annotations": {
+        "vnd.docker.reference.digest": "sha256:825702a51eb4234904fc9253d8b0bf0a584787ffd8fc3fd6fa374188233ce399",
+        "vnd.docker.reference.type": "attestation-manifest"
+      },
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "unknown",
+        "os": "unknown"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:2e93733432c6a14cb57db33928b3a17d7ca298b3babe24d9f56dca2754dbde3b",
+      "size": 1113,
+      "annotations": {
+        "vnd.docker.reference.digest": "sha256:dfb27c6acc9b9f3a7c9d47366d137089565062f43c8063c9f5e408d34c87ee4a",
+        "vnd.docker.reference.type": "attestation-manifest"
+      },
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "unknown",
+        "os": "unknown"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+Following command provides [SLSA](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/attestations/slsa-provenance.md) JSON output:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .Provenance}}"
+```
+```json
+{
+  "SLSA": {
+    "builder": {
+      "id": ""
+    },
+    "buildType": "https://mobyproject.org/buildkit@v1",
+    "materials": [
+      {
+        "uri": "pkg:docker/docker/buildkit-syft-scanner@stable-1",
+        "digest": {
+          "sha256": "b45f1d207e16c3a3a5a10b254ad8ad358d01f7ea090d382b95c6b2ee2b3ef765"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "uri": "pkg:docker/alpine@latest?platform=linux%2Famd64",
+        "digest": {
+          "sha256": "8914eb54f968791faf6a8638949e480fef81e697984fba772b3976835194c6d4"
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "invocation": {
+      "configSource": {},
+      "parameters": {
+        "frontend": "dockerfile.v0",
+        "locals": [
+          {
+            "name": "context"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "dockerfile"
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "environment": {
+        "platform": "linux/amd64"
+      }
+    },
+    "metadata": {
+      "buildInvocationID": "02tdha2xkbxvin87mz9drhag4",
+      "buildStartedOn": "2022-12-01T11:50:07.264704131Z",
+      "buildFinishedOn": "2022-12-01T11:50:08.243788739Z",
+      "reproducible": false,
+      "completeness": {
+        "parameters": true,
+        "environment": true,
+        "materials": false
+      },
+      "https://mobyproject.org/buildkit@v1#metadata": {}
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Following command provides [SBOM](https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/master/docs/attestations/sbom.md) JSON output:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .SBOM}}"
+```
+```json
+{
+  "SPDX": {
+    "SPDXID": "SPDXRef-DOCUMENT",
+    "creationInfo": {
+      "created": "2022-12-01T11:46:48.063400162Z",
+      "creators": [
+        "Tool: syft-v0.60.3",
+        "Tool: buildkit-1ace2bb",
+        "Organization: Anchore, Inc"
+      ],
+      "licenseListVersion": "3.18"
+    },
+    "dataLicense": "CC0-1.0",
+    "documentNamespace": "https://anchore.com/syft/dir/run/src/core-0a4ccc6d-1a72-4c3a-a40e-3df1a2ffca94",
+    "files": [...],
+    "spdxVersion": "SPDX-2.2"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect crazymax/buildkit:attest --format "{{json .}}"
+```
+```json
+{
+  "name": "crazymax/buildkit:attest",
+  "manifest": {
+    "schemaVersion": 2,
+    "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json",
+    "digest": "sha256:7007b387ccd52bd42a050f2e8020e56e64622c9269bf7bbe257b326fe99daf19",
+    "size": 855,
+    "manifests": [
+      {
+        "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+        "digest": "sha256:fbd10fe50b4b174bb9ea273e2eb9827fa8bf5c88edd8635a93dc83e0d1aecb55",
+        "size": 673,
+        "platform": {
+          "architecture": "amd64",
+          "os": "linux"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
+        "digest": "sha256:a9de632c16998489fd63fbca42a03431df00639cfb2ecb8982bf9984b83c5b2b",
+        "size": 839,
+        "annotations": {
+          "vnd.docker.reference.digest": "sha256:fbd10fe50b4b174bb9ea273e2eb9827fa8bf5c88edd8635a93dc83e0d1aecb55",
+          "vnd.docker.reference.type": "attestation-manifest"
+        },
+        "platform": {
+          "architecture": "unknown",
+          "os": "unknown"
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "image": {
+    "created": "2022-12-01T11:46:47.713777178Z",
+    "architecture": "amd64",
+    "os": "linux",
+    "config": {
+      "Env": [
+        "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
+      ],
+      "Cmd": [
+        "/bin/sh"
+      ]
+    },
+    "rootfs": {
+      "type": "layers",
+      "diff_ids": [
+        "sha256:ded7a220bb058e28ee3254fbba04ca90b679070424424761a53a043b93b612bf",
+        "sha256:d85d09ab4b4e921666ccc2db8532e857bf3476b7588e52c9c17741d7af14204f"
+      ]
+    },
+    "history": [
+      {
+        "created": "2022-11-22T22:19:28.870801855Z",
+        "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:587cae71969871d3c6456d844a8795df9b64b12c710c275295a1182b46f630e7 in / "
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-11-22T22:19:29.008562326Z",
+        "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD [\"/bin/sh\"]",
+        "empty_layer": true
+      },
+      {
+        "created": "2022-12-01T11:46:47.713777178Z",
+        "created_by": "RUN /bin/sh -c apk add curl # buildkit",
+        "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "Provenance": {
+    "SLSA": {
+      "builder": {
+        "id": ""
+      },
+      "buildType": "https://mobyproject.org/buildkit@v1",
+      "materials": [
+        {
+          "uri": "pkg:docker/docker/buildkit-syft-scanner@stable-1",
+          "digest": {
+            "sha256": "b45f1d207e16c3a3a5a10b254ad8ad358d01f7ea090d382b95c6b2ee2b3ef765"
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "uri": "pkg:docker/alpine@latest?platform=linux%2Famd64",
+          "digest": {
+            "sha256": "8914eb54f968791faf6a8638949e480fef81e697984fba772b3976835194c6d4"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "invocation": {
+        "configSource": {},
+        "parameters": {
+          "frontend": "dockerfile.v0",
+          "locals": [
+            {
+              "name": "context"
+            },
+            {
+              "name": "dockerfile"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "platform": "linux/amd64"
+        }
+      },
+      "metadata": {
+        "buildInvocationID": "02tdha2xkbxvin87mz9drhag4",
+        "buildStartedOn": "2022-12-01T11:50:07.264704131Z",
+        "buildFinishedOn": "2022-12-01T11:50:08.243788739Z",
+        "reproducible": false,
+        "completeness": {
+          "parameters": true,
+          "environment": true,
+          "materials": false
+        },
+        "https://mobyproject.org/buildkit@v1#metadata": {}
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "SBOM": {
+    "SPDX": {
+      "SPDXID": "SPDXRef-DOCUMENT",
+      "creationInfo": {
+        "created": "2022-12-01T11:46:48.063400162Z",
+        "creators": [
+          "Tool: syft-v0.60.3",
+          "Tool: buildkit-1ace2bb",
+          "Organization: Anchore, Inc"
+        ],
+        "licenseListVersion": "3.18"
+      },
+      "dataLicense": "CC0-1.0",
+      "documentNamespace": "https://anchore.com/syft/dir/run/src/core-0a4ccc6d-1a72-4c3a-a40e-3df1a2ffca94",
+      "files": [...],
+      "spdxVersion": "SPDX-2.2"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Multi-platform
+
+Multi-platform images are supported for `.Image`, `.SLSA` and `.SBOM` fields.
+If you want to pick up a specific platform, you can specify it using the `index`
+go template function:
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect --format '{{json (index .Image "linux/s390x")}}' moby/buildkit:master
+```
+```json
+{
+  "created": "2022-11-30T17:42:26.414957336Z",
+  "architecture": "s390x",
+  "os": "linux",
+  "config": {
+    "Env": [
+      "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
+    ],
+    "Entrypoint": [
+      "buildkitd"
+    ],
+    "Volumes": {
+      "/var/lib/buildkit": {}
+    }
+  },
+  "rootfs": {
+    "type": "layers",
+    "diff_ids": [
+      "sha256:41048e32d0684349141cf05f629c5fc3c5915d1f3426b66dbb8953a540e01e1e",
+      "sha256:2651209b9208fff6c053bc3c17353cb07874e50f1a9bc96d6afd03aef63de76a",
+      "sha256:88577322e65f094ce8ac27435880f1a8a9baadb569258026bb141770451bafcb",
+      "sha256:de8f9a790e4ed10ff1f1f8ea923c9da4f97246a7e200add2dc6650eba3f10a20"
+    ]
+  },
+  "history": [
+    {
+      "created": "2021-11-24T20:41:23.709681315Z",
+      "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:cd24c711a2ef431b3ff94f9a02bfc42f159bc60de1d0eceecafea4e8af02441d in / "
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2021-11-24T20:41:23.94211262Z",
+      "created_by": "/bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD [\"/bin/sh\"]",
+      "empty_layer": true
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-01-26T18:15:21.449825391Z",
+      "created_by": "RUN /bin/sh -c apk add --no-cache fuse3 git openssh pigz xz   \u0026\u0026 ln -s fusermount3 /usr/bin/fusermount # buildkit",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-08-25T00:39:25.652811078Z",
+      "created_by": "COPY examples/buildctl-daemonless/buildctl-daemonless.sh /usr/bin/ # buildkit",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-11-30T17:42:26.414957336Z",
+      "created_by": "VOLUME [/var/lib/buildkit]",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0",
+      "empty_layer": true
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-11-30T17:42:26.414957336Z",
+      "created_by": "COPY / /usr/bin/ # buildkit",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0"
+    },
+    {
+      "created": "2022-11-30T17:42:26.414957336Z",
+      "created_by": "ENTRYPOINT [\"buildkitd\"]",
+      "comment": "buildkit.dockerfile.v0",
+      "empty_layer": true
+    }
+  ]
+}
 ```
 
 ### <a name="raw"></a> Show original, unformatted JSON manifest (--raw)
 
-Use the `--raw` option to print the original JSON bytes instead of the formatted
-output.
+Use the `--raw` option to print the unformatted JSON manifest bytes.
+
+> `jq` is used here to get a better rendering of the output result.
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw crazymax/loop | jq
+```
+```json
+{
+  "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+  "schemaVersion": 2,
+  "config": {
+    "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.container.image.v1+json",
+    "digest": "sha256:a98999183d2c7a8845f6d56496e51099ce6e4359ee7255504174b05430c4b78b",
+    "size": 2762
+  },
+  "layers": [
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+      "digest": "sha256:8663204ce13b2961da55026a2034abb9e5afaaccf6a9cfb44ad71406dcd07c7b",
+      "size": 2818370
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+      "digest": "sha256:f0868a92f8e1e5018ed4e60eb845ed4ff0e2229897f4105e5a4735c1d6fd874f",
+      "size": 1821402
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+      "digest": "sha256:d010066dbdfcf7c12fca30cd4b567aa7218eb6762ab53169d043655b7a8d7f2e",
+      "size": 404457
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw moby/buildkit:master | jq
+```
+```json
+{
+  "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json",
+  "schemaVersion": 2,
+  "manifests": [
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:f9f41c85124686c2afe330a985066748a91d7a5d505777fe274df804ab5e077e",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "amd64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:82097c2be19c617aafb3c3e43c88548738d4b2bf3db5c36666283a918b390266",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "arm",
+        "os": "linux",
+        "variant": "v7"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:b6b91e6c823d7220ded7d3b688e571ba800b13d91bbc904c1d8053593e3ee42c",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "arm64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:797061bcc16778de048b96f769c018ec24da221088050bbe926ea3b8d51d77e8",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "s390x",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:b93d3a84d18c4d0b8c279e77343d854d9b5177df7ea55cf468d461aa2523364e",
+      "size": 1159,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "ppc64le",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "mediaType": "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+      "digest": "sha256:d5c950dd1b270d437c838187112a0cb44c9258248d7a3a8bcb42fae8f717dc01",
+      "size": 1158,
+      "platform": {
+        "architecture": "riscv64",
+        "os": "linux"
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```